Exported from OntoME: SDHSS Intellectual and Literary Life ongoing
NO TEXT PROPERTY FOUND
SDHSS Intellectual and Literary Life ongoing
C1
This class models the event of the publication of any kind of frbroo:E2 Expression (an illustrated text, musical scores, music on a DVD, etc.) on a medium produced in multiple exemplars, generally by replication with mechanical means. The publication date is considered as the one when the medium exemplars where made available to the public so that the symbolic content (text, music, drawings, etc.) can be viewed, or listened, by the public. The publication place is the geographical place where the copies of the medium first became public, or from where the exemplars of the publication where sent out, generally but not always the publisher's or printer's domicile.
The publisher or printer (person or group) are associated using the inherited crm:P14 carried out by property. If one wishes to express more precise roles for the editors, one can use the sdh-so:C15 Participation class providing specific social qualities or roles to the actors.
Both date and place can be different from the ones expressed in the book itself insofar as this class models the event of publication as such and not the bibliographical properties (metadata) that should be associated to the Manifestation Product Type – F3 class.
Expression Publication Event
C1
A time length. A duration is a specialisation of E54 Dimension providing a measure of time.
Duration
C1
This class models teaching as a phase in which a person teaches a subject usually at an institution of higher education. It is the act of teaching that is being modelled, not the fact of holding a chair or an academic position. Teaching may be subject to temporary interruptions and spread over a longer period.
If more than one subject is entered, they together represent the substance of the teaching for the whole period. Different teaching times of different subjects should be recorded creating different instances of this class.
Teaching
C1
The phenomenon situated in time and the social space of being perceived, i.e. classified by a group, the whole society or a portion of it, as having a social, professional or political quality in the generic sense of a social type — but not a specific, legally defined function.
The present class is therefore disjoint with the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class (a subclass of the sdh-so:C27 Legal Connotation class) as it models legal roles and functions of persons or groups.
Social Perception of an Actor
C1
This class comprises characteristics, qualities or conditions of persistent items or temporal entities at a given moment or during a time-span. It is inspired by the concept of qualities in DOLCE, defined as individualized properties that inhere in particulars: a specific quality inheres in each class instance and ceases to exist at the end of the life of the instance it inheres to. The value of the quality or quale (DOLCE), e.g. the color of an object, is associated to the entity quality and is possibly time-indexed, i.e. valid at and limited to a given time-span.
A characteristic or quality of an entity is conceptualised in the SDHSS ontology as a time-indexed observable phenomenon denoting the fact that the quality (DOLCE) of a given entity at a given time has a specific value or quale, and that this value is stable over the time span considered. Rather than modelling the quality as a distinct entity, as in DOLCE, the class dh:C1 Entity Quality is defined as a subclass of temporal entity and associates a specific quality value in a reference space, e.g. red, to an entity, e.g. a car. Thus, according to the present conceptualisation a quality, in this case the colour of the car, refers to a specific period of time and to a specific quality value, namely the observable phenomenon of the thing having this quality and value, and not to a quality in general, e.g. colour, which is conceptualised as a quality type.
The kind of quality observed (color, weight, etc.) is specified by a suitable quality type or creating subclasses with specific properties. No generic property is defined to associate any crm:E1 Entity with a quality. As a matter of fact not all subclasses of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class concern the same types of entities and one cannot therefore extend an inheritance of a generic has quality property to all subclasses but they have to be considered distinctly. For instance, the crm:E3 Condition State class can be considered as representig a specialization of the sdh:C1 Entity Quality class and the crm:P44 has condition (is condition of) property opportunely associates a physical object with its physical condition or state. Thus, sdh:C1 Entity Quality is an abstract class and has no direct instances.
A characteristic or quality is initiated, influenced and ended by events (crm:E5 Event class) and this is modelled by correspondent properties.
Entity Quality
C2
The instances of this class are portions or sections of expressions clearly identifiable as such (e.g. a chapter of a book) or defined by the reader (e.g. a couple of sentences). Therefore the identity of the portion is provided by the definition adopted by the user in order to cut it out.
If an expression or expression portion is split on different carriers (e.g. the first part of the copy of a letter is found in the end of volume I and the second part of the copy in the beginning of volume II) then the portion is related to both volumes as carriers of the one relevant expression portion. In this case the expression portion will be associated as part of two different Expression instances.
Expression Portion
C2
Professional, political, religious or whatever generic social quality of an actor, be it a person or a group, as it is perceived from the point of view of the representations of a human community. A social quality is a socially constructed concept (in the sense of the connotation of an entity with a crm:E55 Type) and it is used to socially classify individuals in the perspective of the community.
This class is not to be confused with the sdh-so:C12 Actor's Social Role class which models legally defined social roles and functions of actors and should be exclusively used for this kind of concepts. Social roles are formalisations of social qualities in relation to specific groups and custom or legal contexts.
Actor's Social Quality
C2
A person’s learning activitiy during a given time-span at a school, college or university. This class is modelled as an epistemic phase, i.e. as a set of coherent, observable activities related to the general occupation of studying at one, and only one, education institution.
Study
C2
A measurement unit of durations and periods of time like second, hour, day, year or century
Time unit
C2
This class models the propositional content of a specific interpretation by a person or an intentional collective of physical or social events.
Propositional Situation
C3
This class comprises phenomenons of a social relation between people, groups or countries as it is perceived in the context of shared intention. In other words, this class does not model a physical interaction of actors in space and time (for persons this interaction is modelled with the C18 Persons' Interaction class) but the perception of a phenomenon like friendship, marriage, apprenticeship, etc. that happens in the minds and the social space.
Each relationship generally involves only two instances of one or more classes. If more then two instances are involved (e.g. multilateral political relationships) the unity of time and social space must be given. If different persons or groups are socially interreladed at different times, or perceived as such in different social contexts, several instances of this class must be produced and provided with appropriate types.
If the relationship is symmetrical, the sdh-so:P15 involves partner property has to be used in order to associate the partners of the relationship. If the relationship is oriented from a source to a target (the partners having a different position in the relationship), the properties sdh-so:P17 has relationship source and sdh-so:P18 has relationship target will be used. This generic treatment allows to express a direction of the relationship. The meaning of the direction will be explicitly defined in the controlled vocabulary of relationship types.
Given their different meanings, it is absolutely necessary to avoid mixing the two types of relationships: either use the sdh-so:P15 property or the sdh-so:P17 / sdh-so:P18 – they are disjoint.
Social Relationship
C3
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the geovC5 Expression portion class.
Expression Portion Type
C3
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E7 Activity class.
Activity Type
C3
This class models time-indexed situations as phenomena in time and physical space whose identity does not depend on intrinsic criteria but on the perspective of the observer that cuts out the situation from a more complex or long lasting phenomenon. The coherence or identity of an epistemic situation is thus provided by a specific, arbitrary choice of the observer and this class is therefore disjoint with the crm:E4 Period class whose identity is intrinsic.
The Epistemic Situation class includes situations in reality that are sliced up both in terms of temporal duration and of the restriction of a particular aspect of complex phenomena. For example, if we consider the economic activity of a country during a civil year, and measure different aspects of it, the life of this physical and social phenomenon does not stop to exist at the 31th of December of that year, nor it is limited to economy. An epistemic situation thus cuts out a portion of a more complex phenomenon for the sake of observation and research. It is somehow constructed by simplification and choice of specifc aspects of the phenomenon.
An epistemic situation can also concern the absence of a phenomenon, like the known not-being-present of a person at an event. The phenomenon expressed by the available information is only epistemic, in the sense of knowledge about a situation not realized as such in time and space but still observable as an absence of the concerned phenomenon.
Epistemic Situation
C3
As a specialisation of the Actor's Legal Quality Acquisition class, the present class models the fact that a person succeeds in obtaining a study title or degree.
Obtaining a Study Title
C4
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E23 Physical Human-Made Thing class.
Physical Human-Made Thing Type
C4
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the histC6 Relationship class.
If the relationship is oriented from a source to a target (the partners having a different position in the relationship), the properties histP49 has relationship source and histP50 has relationship target will be used. This generic treatment allows to express a direction of the relationship. The meaning of the direction will be explicitly defined in the definition of the terms in the controlled vocabulary of social relationship types.
Social Relationship Type
C4
This class comprises qualities of the mind of a single person, or the minds of intentional collectives, and captures the presence in their mind of propositions about entities of any kind. It is comprehensive of all intentional phenomena, be they static, in the sense of states of mind, or dynamic, in the sense of changes of mind or opinions evolving in time, i.e. new propositions replacing the former ones about the same objects. It is an abstract, uninstantiated class, providing its subclasses and descendants with the fundamental intension and relevant properties.
Intentionality is defined in philosophy as the power of minds to be directed at objects, i.e. entities, states of affairs, goals, or values (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). The intended entity is the object of the intention, its content is a proposition, or a fragment of it, or a complex set of propositions about this object. It is important to note that "intentionality" is not to be confused with "intention" as the purpose people have in mind when they act. The notion of intentionality applies primarily to the representations and individual or social connotations of things, not to the theory of human action.
The sdh:C4 Intention class, as a descendant of the crm:E2 Temporal Entity class, models the fact that propositions about objects, and the objects they concern, are present to human minds or intentional entities, be these taken individually or collectively, during a given time span. The intention therefore appears to be a time-related quality of a mind or minds be this realized in a more stable way, as in intentional states, or engaged in an evolutionary, dynamic process, e.g. discussing a topic or changing one's mind, which we define as an intentional event.
Thus, the intended object is associated to the crm:E89 Propositional Object representing the content of the intention using the crm:P129 is about property and therefore no direct property associating the intention with the object is declared. This allows to express the presence of the same intentional content or representations in the mind of different intentional entities, at different times, independently of the actual quality of each mind.
As a subclass of sdh:C1 Entity Quality, the Intention class inherits the properties expressing the influence of a crm:E5 Event on the quality. E. g. a physical event like a volcanic eruption can generate mental endorsement of the proposition that assesses the seriousness of the situation and invites to flee.
Intention
C4
A title or degree that one receives after completing a course of study
Study title
C4
A particular way of accomplishing something expressed as a series of steps followed in a definite order. A procedure is modeled as a propositional object because the emphasis is on its content, its steps and the elements they imply and not its formulation. This makes the main difference with the crm:Design or Procedure – E29 class. In other words, the same procedure could be expressed in different texts, with different formulations, or in different languages, or simply be shared by oral tradition which could be attested in different ways.
Procedure
C5
This class models the fact that a person or an organization belongs to a group during a given time span
Membership
C5
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of F5 Item.
Item Type
C5
A specific part of a procedure defining an action, proceeding, or measure occurring as one in a serie. This class models a proposition expressing the process of doing something in order to make something happen or to deal with a situation.
Step
C5
Also called field of study, research field and branch of knowledge, an academic discipline is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at university level and higher academic institutions but also simply taught at school or college. It is defined as a complex set of rules, methods, objects and results identified by its propositional content.
Academic Discipline
C6
A physical constituent part, an element or ingredient.
Component of a Recipe
C6
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the Expression – F2 class.
Expression Type
C6
Professoship or other form of instutionalized teaching position at a university or academy. A university chair is a legal object and is not to be confused with the holder who is a person.
Academic Chair
C6
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of C5 Membership.
Membership Type
C7
This class comprises opinions, beliefs, certainties, doubts etc. of a person or collective of persons about representations concerning one or more objects. The representations, present in the minds in the form of propositional objects, are considered as being stable during a given time-span. Intentional states are modelled as a time-indexed quality inherent to a person, or persons belonging to an intentional collective, having as content a propositional object defining the content of the state of mind about an object. The concerned object of the intentional state can be associated to the propositional content using the crm:P129 is about (is subject of) property, while the type or mode of intentional state, e.g. belief, hope, fear, etc. can be expressed with the sdh:P44 has intentional type (is intentional type of) property.
Individual or collective states of mind are an expression of intentionality, defined in philosophy as "the power of minds and mental states to be about, to represent, or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs. To say of an individual’s mental states that they have intentionality is to say that they are mental representations or that they have contents" (Jacob, Pierre, "Intentionality", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), ed. Edward N. Zalta).
Intentional State
C7
This class comprises concepts, often in form of verbs, used to characterize instances of the 'Procedure' class and to define their identity. A procedure can be about chemical production, or astronomical obervation, or performance of music with a specific instrument, etc.
Procedure Type
C7
An academic position is the rank of a scientist or teacher in a college, high school, university or research establishment. It indicates relative importance and power of individuals in academia, and is generally associated with rights and duties defined by the university statutes or the law of a country.
Academic Position
C7
A job, profession or other activity
Occupation
C7
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the Expression – F2 class.
Digital Object Type
C8
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the Manifestation Product Type – F3 class.
Type of manifestation product type
C8
This class comprises concepts, often in form of verbs, used to characterize instances of the 'Step' class and define their identity.
Step Type
C8
This class comprises representations that consider a thing as being part or belonging to another one. Unlike the sdh:C22 Composition class, which considers physical compositions, this class models intentional compositional relationships as conceived in individual or collective minds.
Although it can concern different kinds of entities, the intentional composition is often used in relation to the sdh:C40 Intentional Collection class. However, no explicit association to this class because there can be several situations of intentional composition that do not concern collections, e.g. a verse being part of a poem or song, etc.
Intentional Composition
C8
Professional or other activity carried out by a person, more or less intensively, over a more or less long period of time. This class does not model a specific activity but a phase during which many specific instances of the same activity are carried out. Each part of having this occupation, e.g. being a merchant or a professor, is having an occupation, therefore this phenomenon is modelled as a phase. During this phase there may be times when the activity is not carried out.
Occupation (Temporal entity)
C9
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the 'crm:E74 Group'.
Group Type
C9
Observable physical entities capable of having representations about objects.
Depending on the interests of different disciplines, these can be people, animals or even artefacts, such as robots.
Intentional Entity
C9
Any loving and/or sexual friendship between two people. This class comprises all kinds of relationships intended in the more basic, emotional and physical aspect, regardless of their social or legal form, and indicates the time span of their duration (start/end date). Same-sex unions are also to be encoded with this class.
Relationship
C9
The social quality or social role of an actor in relation to an expression and according to it. E.g. the author of a text as appearing in the text (even if historical research shows this person was not the real author of the text).
This class can be used in order to associate authors, scientific editors, contributors, etc. to texts (expressions, expressions portions, etc.) in the sense of structured bibliographic references.
Asserted Actor's Role
C10
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the classs sdh:C18 Persons' Interaction.
Type of Persons' Interaction
C10
This classes comprises changes of mind of persons or human collectives, or other dynamic phenomena taking place in the mind, such as reading or having a conversation, which are likely to bring about a change in intention.
Intentional events, insofar as they happen in the minds of one or more persons, do not directly have a projection in geographical space. But as they are always related to sets of human actions (one or more) that provide the setting for the given intentional events (sdh:P43 is setting for) they share with these physical events the geographical location. E.g. the reading of a book as a mental operation, or a conversation with one or more persons has the correspondent physical events (having the book in the hand, sitting in a coffee house) as its setting.
Intentional Event
C10
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of F4 Manifestation Singleton.
Manifestation Singleton Type
C10
An appellation of a book, article, web page, or other published item, allowing to clearly identify the resource and therefore typically including author, title, source, abstract and/or related information
Bibliographic Citation
C11
A numeric dimension is a specialisation of the crm:E54 Dimension class modeling measured quantities like the number (of items) or a percentage, that have, strictly speaking, no measurement unit but need to be specified by a type in order to capture the meaning of the measured value. E.g. 10 has not the same meaning as number (of items) or percentage. A specific vocabulary will allow to distinguish between the different scenarios.
Numeric dimension
C11
Format type for bibliographic entries dependent on the discipline and/or language of the bibliographic citation (e.g. MLA, Chicago, APA, InfoClio français sans majuscules, etc.)
Citation Style
C11
This class refers to the fact that an entity (actor, group, concept, etc.) is identified in the context of a human society or social collective, during a given time span, using a specific appellation. This identifying appellation is generally related to the main language used be the society or collective, or at least considered as understandable or valid in that context (e.g. a Latin or English appellation in a French speaking context).
As a subclass of sdh:C7 Intentional State, this class does not refer to an activity of collectively naming a thing (cf. the frbroo:F52 Name Use Activity class) but to the possibility of identifying with that appellation within the given social context or collective.
The crm:P1 is identified property is a shortcut of the present class as it directly connects (i.e. independently from time and context) a crm:E1 Entity to its crmE41 Appellation.
Appellation in a Language
C11
"Gender is the state of being male or female in relation to the social and cultural roles that are considered appropriate for men and women" (Collins).
Gender
C12
A social role is a qualification of an actor, individual or collective, that provides it with social power, i.e. some rights and duties related to the role, like a king, the president of an Academy, the Government of a country, etc.
A social role exists in the context of one or more specific costums or laws and is generally related to an institutionalized context. As a subclass of the sdh-so:C26 Legal Quality class it inherits the property sdh-so:P69 is defined in the context of that associates it to a sdh-so:C25 Political or Administrative Entity instance.
Actor's Social Role
C12
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the C7 Appellation in a language (Temporal Entity) class.
Appellation in a Language Type
C12
The intentional act of dedicating an object (be this physical or symbolic, e.g. food, a sword, a text, a picture) to an actor (be this real or fictional, an individual or a group) with a specific purpose, often in the hope of obtaining a favor or as a sign of thanks or respect.
A dedication captures the intentional phenomenon and can have as sdh:P43 has setting one or more crm:E5 Event (or subclasses)
Dedication
C12
This class model the type of a numeric dimension without measurement unit. Its instances, like number (of items), percentage, permille (per thousand), etc. allow to understand the meaning of the measured quantity.
Numeric dimension type
C13
The fact of having a more or less formally defined social role or function in a group at a given moment or during a given time-span. The social role is modelled as an embodiment by a (Human) Actor of a Social Actor. It provides the (Human) Actor with prerogatives and rights that are exercised with respect to other persons and groups. It is therefore modelled as a social connotation, i.e. a social qualification of an Actor.
Social Role Embodiment
C13
This class comprises parts of the Earth's surface that can be represented by photographs, paintings or maps, and that have some coherent characteristics related to their natural features (e.g., a mountain) or to the human activities that have shaped them (e.g., a harbour). These features make them identifiable and unique. The relevant portion of the surface of the Earth can be covered by buildings, water (river, sea, ...) which are part of the identifying features. The more specific identity of instances of this class is provided by a controlled vocabulary of geographical place types.
Geographical Place
C13
This subclass of crm:E89 Propositional Object captures a datation in a propositional object (as content of an intention) or in a text (a frbroo:F2 Expression or a crm:E33 Linguistic Object), with a type and a temporal value. It represents a datation as it is present in the proposition or expressed by the text, which can contain one or more datations: these are subsequently captured with different instances of the present class.
Propositional Datation
C13
A measure of length. A lenght is a specialisation of E54 Dimension providing a measure of distance, height, etc.
Length
C14
This class models prerogatives, obligations, rights, powers, etc. of subjects of law (human or legal actors) regarding specific persistent items during a given time-span. While sdh-so:C31 Law or Custom expresses general principles, a sdh-so:C17 Right or Obligation applies them to particular instances. Right or obligations can nevertheless exist independently from a general law and be solely based on social representations, e.g. this field being considered as belonging to me in my village.
It is important to note that this class models the same phenomenon, in the form of a time-bound intentional quality, as the one inteded by the crm:E30 Right class. The present class models it as an expression of collective intentionality in time while the crm:E30 Right class captures the propositional content of the phenomenon. If desired, the class crm:E30 Right can be explicitly associated with the present class by using the inherited sdh:P34 has content property which associates a sdh:C4 Intention with its propositional content. In the present case the propositional content of the intention is the collectively accepted right.
Holding of a Right or Obligation
C14
A measurement unit of length like mile, inch, meter, micron, etc.
Length measurement unit
C14
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the 'hictC8 Geographical place'.
Geographical Place Type
C14
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the Propositional Datation portion class.
Datation Type
C15
This class comprises periods of a more or less active participation of an actor (generally a person but sometimes a group) in an event, be this a battle, voyage, conference, etc. If the participation involves the exercise of a function or holding of an office or rank this can be associated using the sdh-so:P12 is participation in the quality of proprety. One or more functions can be associated to the same Participation if their time span is identical. It is otherwise preferable to split consecutive holdings of an office in the same event producing several instances of the present class.
The time-span of this class is equal to or included in the time-span of the related event.
The crm:P11 had participant is a shortcut of the full path: crm:E5 Event→ sdh-so:P11 has participation (as inverse of sdh-so:P11 is participation in) → sdh-so:C15 Participation → sdh-so:P10 is participation of → crm:E39 Actor .
Participation
C15
This class comprises locations of instances of the crm:E18 Physical Thing class and subclasses on or inside other physical things (usually geographical places, buildings, features or human made objects), intended as their situation during a given time span as it is known in a given social context as being essentially true even if some absences are possible.
This means that the provided location is generally observable during the intended time-span even if at some point in time the entity is to be found in another location, e.g. a person going for a walk in the countryside, or an antique vase being loaned to another museum for an exhibition. If one needs to express these localisations of shorter duration, other instances of this same class will be created.
Should the intended relative location be strictly physical, and not epistemic or social, the sdh:C41 Relative Location of a Physical Thing class should be used. To capture an official domicile, legal seat of an actor, etc. the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class must be used.
Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing
C15
Amount a thing weighs
Weight
C15
This class comprises procedural prescriptions or sets of propositions about the displacement from one Geographical Place to another one. It consists of a sequence of operations or actions to carry out in order to achieve the goal, as well as components necessary or useful for its completion.
This can include planned trips of a specific object, types of objects, or general routes.
Planned Move
C16
The measurement unit of weight, like pound, kilogram, etc.
Weight measurement unit
C16
This class groups the concepts (expressed as types) that provide the identity of the Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing, e.g. residence, visit, etc., i.e. the intended reason of the location.
Epistemic Location Type
C16
This class comprises quantifiable information that is a component of a Propositional Object.
Quantifiable Component
C16
[Do not use] This class captures the creation of a conceptual object in the context of a custom or law, providing the object, be this a concept, a principle, a symbol, etc., with the beginning of its legal existence.
[Deprecated] Legal Conceptual Object Creation
C17
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh-in:C13 Quantifiable Component class.
Quantifiable Component Type
C17
Formalized set of rules, valid for a group and its members, defining rights and obligations of the concerned actors, and rights over or obligations concerning specific things.
A law is generally created by the enactment of legislatures, while common law and custom derive from usage or practice of the people: by common adoption and acquiescence, and by long and unvarying habit, their rules have become compulsory, and acquired the force of a law.
Custom or Law
C17
Measurable amount of space of a flat surface
Area
C17
This class comprises instances of man-made things such as freestanding buildings, components of buildings, and complexes of buildings, but also all man-made parts of infrastructure (roads, lamp post, dams, etc.)
Construction
C18
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the 'histC11 Built work class'.
Construction Type
C18
The measurement unit of an area, e.g. a square yard, acre, square meter, hectare, etc.
Area measurement unit
C18
This class models the interaction of persons in time and physical (generally geographical) space. It is disjoint with the C3 Social Relationship class which models the interaction in time and the social space, i.e. the space of a collective state of mind and shared social representations.
The interaction is not restricted to a quantity of persons (a meeting can be modelled with this class) but there must be a unity in time and space for all the participants if the involved persons are more than two. If a person joins the interaction at a later moment than the beginning, the C15 Participation class can be used.
Persons' Interaction
C19
A measurement unit of volume, like pint, liter, gallon, etc.
Volume measurement unit
C19
This class comprises all the crm:E5 Events in which an instance of crm:E18 Physical Thing participates during its life. This class therefore models the phenomenon of the existence of an object or, more precisely, the collection of events that make up the existence and life of a physical thing, be this a person, a physical object, etc.
Conceptual and social objects are not in the scope of this class.
The life of a physical thing is started and ended by events. If these two ends are not known, the time-span of this class will provide the period of life known with certainty as well as the possible outer bounds, in addition to the life span duration if known. In this sense it corresponds to the notion of floruit commonly used in historical research and generally related to persons.
Physical Thing Life
C19
This class models the fact that entities (generally conceptual objects but sometimes specific actors, things or events) are integrated into customs or laws during a given period of time. They are therefore to be considered as legal entities, i.e. entities that are part of legal systems or traditions and customs, and are considered in this context as virtually being in force. Thus, legal entities become such through integration (by definition or connotation) into legal systems, i.e. a specific form of social representations with wider acceptance and validity.
The existence of the legal individual generally begins with a constitutive social event (a sdh-so:C16 Legal Conceptual Object Creation for conceptual objects) and ends either with a social event that terminates its existence or with the disappearance of all the people (internal or external to the social collective) who actively considered it as existing and being in force.
Knowing that a legal individual existed does not make it legally existing now: the phenomenon modelled is the virtually being in force, according to active social representations, not the later knowledge of its existence in earlier times.
Legal Integration
C20
Amount of space that an object fills or a container has
Volume
C20
This class models the validity of a custom, law, right or obligation, i.e. the being in force of a general or specific right according to collective intentionalty in the context of specific social representations.
Being in Force
C20
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the C1 Entity Quality class.
Entity Quality Type
C21
This class models any measurable monetary value. It is equivalent to the crm:E97 Monetary amount class, defined as "This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. [...]" in CIDOC CRM version 6.2.9.
Monetary amount
C21
This class comprises the abilities of a person, based on practical knowledge or know-how, and trained through practice, to do something well. Know-how can be about creating immaterial things, producing physical objects, acting or communicating. The skill is a personal quality, the know-how a shared representation of actions or processes.
Skill
C21
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the Custom or Law class.
Custom or Law Type
C22
This class models a social object allowing to standardize the money used in a community or country. It is equivalent to crm:E98 currency defined as "This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. [...]" in CIDOC CRM version 6.2.9.
Currency
C22
This class comprises concepts used to classify instances of the Legal Quality class. It should not be confused with the legal quality itself expressed by the C26 Legal quality class, e.g. the legal quality instance is 'French nationality' and the legal quality type is 'Nationality'.
Legal Quality Type
C22
This class comprises compositions of instances of crm:E18 Physical Thing out of their component elements and is therefore equivalent to the crm:P46 is composed of property but adds a time-indexed dimension to the composition relation, expressing the presence of parts only during a portion of the lifespan of a physical thing. The crm:P46 property is therefore a shortcut of this class and assumes implicitly that a part is present during the whole life of a physical thing.
Parthood : https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parthood ; https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/
This class can be specifically useful for dealing with the belonging of objects to a crm:E78 Collection (the composed, main physical thing) during a particular time-span.
This class is modeled as a subclass of sdh;C1 Entity Quality and therefore instances of the crm:E5 Event class can initiate —crm:P8 effects quality (result from)— or end —crm:P9 ends (is ended by)— a different composition of a physical thing. In the case of instances of crm:E24 Physical Man-Made Thing, instances of crm:E79 Part Addition and crm:E80 Part Removal can be produced.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of crm:E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition, related to time.
Physical Component
C23
This class models the quality of an identifier being a valid identifier for a resource in a given context. The context (institution, etc.) is directly associated to the identifier
Identification
C23
Religious identity of a person in the sense of perception by surrounding society, participation in religious events (e.g. going to church) and contribution to define one' self-concept in the sense of public preference for a specific religion or religious denomination. The official membership in a religious group or Church is not modeled with this class, only the religious social quality of a person.
Religious Identity
C23
This class models the fact that actors or intentional collectives employ something or someone for a purpose for a period of time that is more or less long. The use is modelled as an epistemic situation and therefore involves many actions and activities as well as possible interruptions, but remains active or at least virtually possible during the specified period.
Use
C24
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the 'C23 Use' class.
Use type
C24
This class models religious identity in the sense of social sciences, as a type classifying individuals belonging to social-cultural systems of designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements (religion) or is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name, tradition, and identity (religious denomination).
The instances of this class should be entered as characteristics of people (Catholic, Muslim, etc.) and not as religions (Catholicism, Islam, etc.).
Religion or Religious Denomination
C24
A type of identifier(social security number, database identifier, etc.). For URIs in the sense of the Semantic Web, cf. the subclass of identifier crm-sup:C30 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) which should be preferred.
Identifier Type
C25
Persons who share the same representations, i.e. the same views or conceptualizations of things in the world, or the same know-how and practical attitudes, and collective emotions, or the same language, without acting collectively and therefore without being an identifiable crm:E74 Group but being generally aware of sharing these conceptualizations or views with other people and thus having, at least to a certain extent, a common social identity based on social representations and collective intentionality.
The fact of sharing representations, and knowing to share them with other people, is what constitutes in the most general sense a human intentional collective or social context, besides relations of social power based on acceptance of collective rules, or plans to act together. Individuality is realised in the context of this substrate, i.e. the sharing and adopting, and contributing to the development of social representations.
The present class is modelled without taking a stand in the ongoing debate about the nature of collective intentionality: is it simply the sum of individual intentions or does it express something more substantial in the sense of an intentional collective ? The class is open to both interpretations and one can choose to use or not the sdh:C25 Intentional Collective class for expressing collective intentionality, or provide specific types to the sdh:C26 Representations, e.g. 'social representations' for modelling views and conceptualizations shared by groups and societies.
In the perspective of social psychology and social sciences, individual intentionality cannot exist outside a socialisation that shapes the language and categories of thought of humans. Individuality is realised in the context of this substrate, i.e. the sharing and adopting, or contributing to the development of social representations. Beyond its irreducible individuality, a person embodies, and specialises, an intentional collective which he or she helps to achieve and contributes to evolve. This constant interaction between persons and intentional collectives appears to be one of the foundations of social life.
Intentional Collective
C25
A political or administrative entity is a body of customs and laws, actor roles and other rules defined in the context of a social space and generally, but not necessarily, related to a specific territory (a geographical place).This class models entities that exist as intentional individuals and are based on oral tradition or written laws such as the Swiss Confederation, the Department of Rhône or the Commune de Fribourg. They only exist in collective representations and, on the opposite of instances of the sdh-so:C12 Actor's Social Role class, cannot be embodied by actors, individual or collective, because they have no virtual capacity to act in contrast to governments, prefects or local councils. The Swiss Confederation cannot act while the Swiss Federal Council or the Parliament can insofar as they are embodied by corresponding groups in the context of a legislature.
Political or Administrative Entity
C26
fasdf asdf
Representations
C26
A quality of an entity as defined in customary or by written law.
Legal Quality
C27
This class models the fact that a persistent item, during a given time-span, is perceived by human groups, a society or portions of it as having a legal quality.
The identity of the instances of this class and its subclasses is provided by the actual existence of the legal fact. This is intendend in the sense of an effective social connotation implying actual rights and obligations. The crm:E52 Time-Span of this class therefore corresponds to the actual existence of the legal fact, not a later knowledge of its existence. To capture the latter information use an instance of sdh:C7 Intentional State, the intentional content being the knowledge of the earlier existence of the legal quality.
Legal Fact
C27
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E54 Dimension class.
Dimension Kind
C27
This class expresses the fact that a physical thing is kept by an actor in a collection during a given time span. Although the given thing is generally kept physically in the collection, as a part of it, this class focuses on the social fact, i.e. the fact that the given thing is considered as kept in the collection. The thing may have been lent to another museum and therefore not be physically present but still be considered as belonging to the collection. An appropriate type will clarify the meaning of the keeping.
The archive reference concerning the specific physical thing at a given time, including the name of the collection and the identifier of the object held in it, can be used as the appellation of an instance of the Belonging to a collection class. The validity of the identifier in the context of the given belonging to a collection can be explicitly expressed using the crm-sup:C23 Identification class.
The kept thing and the collection are identity defining and must be provided in order to identify the Belonging. The actor in charge of the keeping is optional and can be associated to the collection using the crm:E87 Curation Activity class. Another actor could have rights, e.g. property, upon to the kept Physical Thing and this will be expressed using the sdh-so:C14 - Subjection to a Right or Obligation class.
The concerned collection can be defined at different levels. The highest one is the whole collection of a library or museum. As a matter of fact, it is relevant to distinguish the museum as an organisation (the actor) from its collection as the whole of the objects in its custody. The concerned physical thing can be declared as being kept inside the general collection, or in a more specific subcollection. Each subcollection, or subcollection of subcollection (as a subclass of physical thing), can be declared as belonging to a parent collection. This allows to establish a hierarchy of the different collections and series held e.g. in an archive.
Belonging to a Physical Collection
C28
This class models the quantifiable information about a quality of an entity.
Quantifiable Quality
C28
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E54 Information Object Type class.
Information Object Type
C28
This class models the official residence or address of an actor, be this a person or a group
Legal Location of an Actor
C29
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the frbroo:F31 Performance class.
Performance Type
C29
This class comprises know-how as practical knowledge, i.e. knowledge of how to do something. Experience in doing it is modelled with the hist:C21 Skill as a quality of a person being trained through practice to realize the know-how.
Know-How
C29
This class models the acquisition of a legal quality, e.g. a noble or academic title, a residence permit, a political office (notion of embodiment of the office as result of the acquisition), etc.
Legal Quality Acquisition
C30
This class models the integration of an entity into the individual representations of a person, or the social representations of a human collective, with a context specific connotation, classification, social quality or characterization, during a given time-span. A person or intentional collective considers that the adopted connotation, i.e. intentional quality or type, applies to the concerned entity. The integrated entity can be an actor, a physical or conceptual object, a text, an event, etc. E.g. a celebrated battle is integrated as the founding event of a country's independence into the representations of its indigenous inhabitants, or a portion of them.
The personal or collective view, classification or interpretation of the entity, i.e. its individual or social connotation conceived as a (shared) qualification of it, becomes part of the representations it is integrated into. The propositional explanation, when explicit expressed, is associated to the connotation with the inherited sdh:P34 has content property while the sdh:P40 has context (is context of) property situates the concerned connotation within the wider context of the (social) representations it belongs to. As for the connotated object, it is associated to the connotation with the sdh:P39 is connotation of property and the connotating quality with the sdh:P21 is qualified by property.
Connotation
C30
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a unique sequence of characters that identifies a logical or physical resource used by Semantic Web technologies.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
C30
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the Actor's Legal Quality Acquisition class, e.g. nomination, election, etc.
If the modes of attribution of the legal quality are more complex, it is preferable to create specific subclasses in namespaces dedicated to subdomains in order to have the necessary specifications and properties.
Actor's Legal Quality Acquisition Type
C31
This class comprises concepts belonging to social representations used to characterize and classify instances of the hist:C2 Intentional Situation class. These concepts are defined by the communities sharing the said social representations.
An intentional situation type is defined in the context of a specific human collective sharing the social representations that gave origin to the specific social situation and associated type. A social situation type can be nevertheless integrated into other social representations, as any other existing entity, and this is modelled with the hist:C30 Connotation class.
Intentional Situation Type
C31
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to classify and provide a more specific identity to instances of the Holding of a Right class.
Holding of a Right Type
C31
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E9 Move class.
Move Type
C32
This class models individual concepts that are not used to classify or characterize other entities, like instances of crm:E55 Type, but are defined by propositional objects (descriptions in the sense of the Descriptions and Situations ontology) and exist in individual or collective states of mind, or in texts and other information objects. These individuals do not exist in physical reality but just in the intentionality of a person or an intentional collective. For example a character in a novel, such as Jean Valjean in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, or your bank account, are abstract individuals.
Abstract individuals are created as any other conceptual object by actors in events of type crm:E65 Creation. They are integrated into social representations through sdh-so:C30 Social Connotation, i.e. adoption and integration of these individuals by a collective of humans into their own understanding of reality or into their fictional world.
Abstract individual
C32
This class comprises concepts used to classify instances of the Social Role class grouping them according the different domains of social life
Social Role Type
C32
This class comprises types of observed entities.
Observed Entity Type
C33
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the frbroo:F18 Serial Work class.
Serial Work Type
C33
This class comprises concepts expressing different intentional states or psychological modes about the same propositional content, i.e. representations. For instance hope, belief, fear, scientific certainty, etc. about the same intentional content, e.g. "the election of this person to the position of president". In the given context, the concerned person can be seen as the object of the intention, the election to a position as the content and the hope as the mode or type of the intentional state.
Intentional State Type
C33
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor.
Legal Location Type
C34
A collection of occupations or other kinds of activities
Activity Domain
C34
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the crm:E5 Event class.
This kind of types are useful for providing the identity of generic instances of the Event class. If specific properties related to a specific Event type are needed, then a subclass of Event should be produced.
Event Type
C35
This class expresses the association of an actor with a spatio-temporal or intentional event in which it does not necessarily participate but to with which it is associated with a specific role (e.g. the sponsor of a concert, the official organiser of a conference, the commissioner of a murder). This intentional phenomenon, present in the mind of the observers, provides a specific social quality at the same time to the actor and to the event.
It is important to note that if the actor is actually participating in the event with a specifc role, the sdh:C15 Participation class should be used to capture this information. Also if some events are known relating to the actor's role, like the event of providing funding as a sponsor, or the series of events regarding the organisation of the conference, or the meeting in which the murder was commissioned, these should be produced as instances of the crm:E5 Event class or specific subclasses.
Actor's Quality in Relation to an Event
C35
This class groups the concepts (expressed as types) that give the reason for the location of an object in relation to a geographical place at a given time (trading trip of a merchant, territorial belonging of a province, etc.).The reason for the location should not be confused with its type (inclusion, presence in, proximity, etc.)
Location Reason
C36
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh-so:C15 Participation class.
A participation type is often defined in relation to event types, and can be associated to the relevant ones using the sdh:P69 is defined in relation to property
Participation Type
C36
A project consisting of a sequence of operations or action to carry out in order to achieve a goal.
Plan
C37
This class models the fact that a person or a group, i. e. a collective of persons, has or shares a plan. In a group, the plan enables it to act collectively, and therefore one or more plans can be considered essential to the existence of a "unifying relationship" in a group (cf. the definition of crm:E74 Group).
Having a Plan
C39
This class expresses the intentional (or in other words in the social mind) relation that can exist between different participants in an event. This relation is not a spatio-temporal phenomenon that can be observed, unlike the participation itself, but a social state of mind of the participants or/and the observers.The type of relation can be documented with an instance of CX Participation Relation Type, based on a controlled vocabulary, while the quality of each participation in the relation can be expressed by instances of CX Role in Participation Relation linking the instances of CX Participation and the instance of CX Participation Relation.
Participation Relation
C40
This class describes the type of participation relation of participants of an event. It does not describe the role of each participant, but the general type of relation.
Participation Relation Type
C41
This class expresses the intentional role of a participant in relation to another participant. This means that this class describes the social characteristics of an actor, but in the specific context of a participation that bears some relation with another participation of an actor. For example, an actor participating in a conference could be the assistant of another actor who participates in this conference as the main speaker. This is different from the more general role an actor could have while participating (and therefore not connected to another specific participant).This class is not a temporal phenomenon such as the class sdh:C1 Entity Quality or its subclasses, but a propositional object related to the temporal phenomenon of the Participation Relation, an intentional state.
Role in Participation Relation
C41
This class captures the relative location of a physical thing as a quality of it in relation to another physical thing providing the spatial reference.
Instances of this class can concern features of physical objects, and their position in relation to other parts of the object. It can be used to capture positions of physical objects with respect to a geographical place, providing a direction and distance, when the position of the object is known only approximately.
Should the intended relative location be social or epistemic, and not strictly physical, the sdh:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing class should be used. To capture an official domicile, legal seat of an actor, etc. the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class must be used.
A dedicated vocabulary of types will allow to distinguish the different types of physical relative locations (e.g. above, inclusion, adjacency, outside of, presence in, etc.). In addition, a specific property allows to add the reason(s) for the localisation. This or these reason(s) are to be considered as valid for the whole period of localisation. For more complex situations, several instances of this same class or of other classes will be used.
Relative Location of a Physical Thing
C43
Instances of this class are concepts that provide the identity of the relative location, e.g. inclusion, presence in, proximity, etc..
Beware not to confuse the type of a location with its reasons, e.g. territorial belonging of a province, etc. Furthermore, should the intended relative location be social or epistemic, and not strictly phisical, the sdh:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing class should be used. To capture an official domicile, legal seat of an actor, etc. the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class must be used.
Relative Location Type
C44
This class comprises qualities of physical things
Physical Thing Quality
C45
This class includes displacements of physical objects, be they caused by natural events or human activities, from one physical place to another. Displacements are processes that can be broken down into several steps and these can be linked to the main instance using the P9 consists of (forms part of) property.
The focus is here on the physical object and the fact that it's displaced from one place intended as a physical entity to another (a geographical place, a hole in a mountain, a building). If the displacement is the result of human activity, the class crm:E9 Move must be used.
Physical Displacement
C46
This class comprises expressions of intentionality through speech acts, writings, actions or activities. Representations about objects (the substance of intention) are expressed by intentional entities to other intentional entities in order to communicate their interpretations of reality, express wishes, give orders, bringing social objects into existence, etc.
Intentional Expression
C47
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of the sdh:C46 Intentional Expression class, e.g. give a speech, impose a sentence, write a text, etc.
Intentional Expression Type
C48
Instances of this class associate a geographical location with a type which is supposed to express some characteristic of the place describing it as objectively as possible at a given time or during a given time-span. The classification can change over time and multiple classifications of the same place, if objective enough to be generally acceptable, are possible at the same time if they are related to the same identity of a place. E.g. a village can become a large town, then decay and become a phantom city in later times, but still remain a built area.
Geographical Place Classification
C50
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to identify more precisely an instance of a class without needing to create sub-classes of that class. Instances of a class can only be linked to a unique instance of C50 Kind and this relation is rigid, i.e. it lasts during the whole existence of an instance and cannot be changed.
Instances of C50 Kind, while in essence similar to instances of E55 Type, have a different function of further specifying the intension of an instance of a class, whereas instances of E55 Type can be used to epistemically classify instances of a class.
Instances of C50 Kind represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of classes.
Kind
C51
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to identify more precisely an instance of the class C8 Geographical Place without needing to create sub-classes of that class. Instances of C8 Geographical Place can only be linked to a unique instance of C51 Geographical Place Kind. Therefore, instances of C51 Geographical Place Kind, while in essence similar to instances of E55 Geographical Place Type, have a different function of further specifying the intension of an instance of C8 Geographical Place, whereas instances of E55 Type can be used to epistemically classify instances of C8 Geographical Place.
Instances of C51 Geographical Place Kind represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of classes.
Geographical Place Kind
C52
This class comprises arbitrary aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that share a physical connection, either if they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality, such as a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen. This is following the logic written in the scope note of the class E78 Collection and E19 Physical Object and explains why the class C52 Physical Set is a sub-class of E19 Physical Object.
Physical Set
C54
This class comprises collections of instances of crm:E18 Physical Thing as conceived or imagined as existing by a person, a group or an intentional collective.
Intentional Collection of Physical Things
C55
This class describes the classification of instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing within a specific context, a specific time-span, and for specific individuals or recoupment of individuals. The classification term is described by instances of C4 Physical Human-Made Thing Type.
Physical Human-Made Thing Classification
C56
This class comprises the concepts (expressed as types) that provide the identity of an Epistemic Location, e.g. the economy of a country, or the weather in a given region, etc.
Epistemic Situation Type
C57
This class comprises quantifiable qualities of spatio-temporal phenomena, such as the number of participants in an event. If the number of participants changes significantly, another instance of this class is created with a different time span.
Quantifiable Quality of a Spatio-Temporal Phenomenon
C59
This class comprises quantifiable qualities of epistemic situations, such the value of the gross domestic product of a country during a year or the mean temperature at a place during an epistemic time-span.
Quantifiable Quality of an Epistemic Situation
C60
This class associates a persistent item with an epistemic situation in which it is physically or intentionally present. The type of involvement will be descriped using a vocabulary comprised in the Involvement Type class.
The involved thing could be additionnally qualified by associating a social quality that characterises the associated thing in the context of the event.
Thing Involved in an Epistemic Situation
C61
This class includes terms that express the type of involvement of a thing in an epistemic situation, i.e. the role that the thing plays in the situation.
Type of Involvement of a Thing in an Epistemic Situation
C62
This class describes telecommunication connection between two devices (instances of crm:E24 Physical Human-Made Thing). As a spatio-temporal phenomenon, it can both be situated in time (the moment the link is in service) and in space (the location of any device used to transmit information, such as cables).
This class is based on the net:Link class of the ToCo Ontology.
Link
C63
This class comprises terms that describe the type of link between two entities.
Link Type
C64
This class describes the quality state of an instance of E5:Event (or its subclasses) of being classified by an instance of sdh:C65 Event Classification Type
Event Classification
C65
This class comprises the type of classification of events.
Event Classification Type
C99
This class comprises phenomena in time and space regarding a physical thing that do not necessarily share an intrinsic coherence but are regarded as belonging to a set characterizing it.
Epistemic Phase of a Physical Thing
D1
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that can be represented as sets of bit sequences, such as data sets, e-texts, images, audio or video items, software, etc., and are documented as single units.
Any aggregation of instances of D1 Digital Object into a whole treated as single unit is also regarded as an instance of D1 Digital Object.
This means that for instance, the content of a DVD, an XML file on it, and an element of this file, are regarded as distinct instances of D1 Digital Object, mutually related by the P106 is composed of (forms part of) property.
A D1 Digital Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Digital Object
D2
This class comprises events that result in the creation of instances of D9 Data Object that represent the appearance and/or form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing such as paper documents, statues, buildings, paintings, etc.
A particular case is the analogue-to-digital conversion of audiovisual material.
This class represents the transition from a material thing to an immaterial representation of it.
The characteristic subsequent processing steps on digital objects are regarded as instances of D3 Formal Derivation.
Digitization Process
D3
This class comprises events that result in the creation of a D1 Digital Object from another one following a deterministic algorithm, such that the resulting instance of digital object shares representative properties with the original object.
In other words, this class describes the transition from an immaterial object referred to by property L21 used as derivation source (was derivation source for) to another immaterial object referred to by property L22 created derivative (was derivative created by) preserving the representation of some things but in a different form. Characteristic examples are colour corrections, contrast changes and resizing of images.
Formal Derivation
D7
This class comprises events that happen on physical digital devices following a human activity that intentionally caused its immediate or delayed initiation and results in the creation of a new instance of D1 Digital Object on behalf of the human actor.
The input of a D7 Digital Machine Event may be parameter settings and/or data to be processed. Some D7 Digital Machine Events may form part of a wider E65 Creation event. In this case, all machine output of the partial events is regarded as creation of the overall activity.
Digital Machine Event
D8
This class comprises identifiable material items such as computers, scanners, cameras, etc. that have the capability to process or produce instances of D1 Digital Object.
Digital Device
D9
This class comprises instances of D1 Digital Object that are the direct result of a digital measurement or a formal derivative of it, containing quantitative properties of some physical things or other constellations of matter.
Data Object
D10
This class comprises events by which a digital device runs a software program or a series of computing operations on a digital object as a single task, which is completely determined by its digital input, the software and the generic properties of the device.
Software Execution
D11
This class comprises actions measuring physical properties using a digital device, that are determined by a systematic procedure and creates an instance of D9 Data Object, which is stored on an instance of D13 Digital Information Carrier.
In contrast to instances of D10 Software Execution, environmental factors have an intended influence on the outcome of an instance of D11 Digital Measurement Event.
Measurement devices may include running distinct software, such as the RAW to JPEG conversion in digital cameras.
In this case, the event is regarded as instance of both classes, D10 Software Execution and D11 Digital Measurement Event.
Digital Measurement Event
D12
This class comprises events that transfer a digital object from one digital carrier to another. Normally, the digital object remains the same. If in general or by observation the transfer implies or has implied some data corruption, the change of the digital objects may be documented distinguishing input and output rather than instantiating the property L14 transferred (was transferred by).
Data Transfer Event
D13
This class comprises all instances of E84 Information Carrier that are explicitly designed to be used as persistent digital physical carriers of instances of D1 Digital Object. A D13 Digital Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., an empty diskette.
Digital Information Carrier
D14
This class comprises software codes, computer programs, procedures and functions that are used to operate a system of digital objects.
Software
D21
This class comprises the proper noun name that identifies a person that acts as an entity.
Person Name
D29
This class comprises objects that make propositions about other artefacts.Instances of this class are not the attributes themselves, by which things are annotated, but represent the connection between the concepts related in a proposition, and the activities of creation, modification and deletion.This class is specialized by appropriate subclasses to express more specific relationships between annotated things, such as knowledge object, same as etc.
Annotation Object
D30
This class comprises events that describe the creation of associations (“Annotation Objects”) between objects or areas of objects of the Repository, with other objects or regions or persons, places, events. It is the event that creates the Annotation Object.
Annotation Event
D35
This class describes a part (of any shape or size) of interest in basically any media object stored in the Object Repository, i.e., a text, an image, a video or a 3D model. It points to content consisting of just a portion or area of a file. In some contexts, however, the area can also point to content represented by an integral (i.e., proper) file. It is equal to the METS AREA element.
Area
E1
This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model.
It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties:
Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier
Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to
Attachment of free text for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties
With the exception of E59 Primitive Value, all other classes within the CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
CRM Entity
E2
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.
In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
Temporal Entity
E3
This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span. An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held.The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August 1847” can be characterized as E55 Type “wrecked”.
Condition State
E4
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the "ground" or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the "Neolithic Period", the "Ming Dynasty" or the "McCarthy Era", but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
As the actual extent of an E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies.
Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units.
Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area.
We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomena while a space-time volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
There are two different conceptualisations of 'artistic style', defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
Period
E5
This class comprises changes of states in cultural, social or physical systems, regardless of scale, brought about by a series or group of coherent physical, cultural, technological or legal phenomena. Such changes of state will affect instances of E77 Persistent Item or its subclasses.
The distinction between an E5 Event and an E4 Period is partly a question of the scale of observation. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an E5 Event is an ‘instantaneous’ change of state. At a fine level, the E5 Event can be analysed into its component phenomena within a space and time frame, and as such can be seen as an E4 Period. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy change of state.
Event
E6
This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation.
Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction may be documented by classifying the event as both an E6 Destruction and E7 Activity.
The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed or modified is context sensitive:
If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as E6 Destruction.
An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not.
When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as E11 Modification.
Destruction
E7
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
Activity
E8
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of right. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
the beginning of ownership
the end of ownership
the transfer of ownership
the acquisition from an unknown source
the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Acquisition
E9
This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object.
Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.
Move
E10
This class comprises transfers of physical custody of objects between instances of E39 Actor.
The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances it may describe:
the beginning of custody
the end of custody
the transfer of custody
the receipt of custody from an unknown source
the declared loss of an object
The distinction between the legal responsibility for custody and the actual physical possession of the object should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). A specific case of transfer of custody is theft.
The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Transfer of Custody
E11
This class comprises all instances of E7 Activity that create, alter or change E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
This class includes the production of an item from raw materials, and other so far undocumented objects, and the preventive treatment or restoration of an object for conservation.
Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in a Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities.
If the instance of the E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.
Modification
E12
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items.
It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one.
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event.
An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.
Production
E13
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about properties of an object or any relation between two items or concepts.
This class allows the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. All the attributes or properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly attached to the respective item or concept, possibly as a collection of contradictory values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through an action are characterised as "short cuts" of this action. This redundant modelling of two alternative views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either the action or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple rules.
In particular, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain museum procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on if this information should be accessible by structured queries.
Attribute Assignment
E14
This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period.
The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that may be relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.
Condition Assessment
E15
This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment via the P2 has type property.
Identifier Assignment
E16
This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic procedure.
Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or the running time of a specific video cassette.
The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type.
Measurement
E17
This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.
This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of "determination," i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.
Type Assignment
E18
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a number of individually contiguous spacetime volumes equal to the number of unconnected objects that constitute the set.
We model E18 Physical Thing to be a subclass of E72 Legal Object and of E92 Spacetime volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance we can discuss the physical extent of an E18 Physical Thing without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E18 Physical Thing is matter while a spacetime volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded to be unique to it, due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. Therefore this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.
Physical Thing
E19
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).
In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.
The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
Physical Object
E21
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
Person
E22
This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity.
No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, an inscribed piece of rock or a preserved butterfly are both regarded as instances of E22 Man-Made Object.
Man-Made Object
E24
This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.
This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
Physical Man-Made Thing
E26
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.
Physical Feature
E28
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
Conceptual Object
E29
This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in the modification or production of instances of E24 Physical Thing.
Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others. This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with).
Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following:
1. A schema for the activities it describes2. A schema of the products that result from their application.3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines.
Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.
Design or Procedure
E30
This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives.
These include reproduction and property rights
Right
E31
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as a special case of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the term “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.
Document
E32
This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for
consistent use.
Authority Document
E33
This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.
Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech or sign language. However, the CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.The text of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String
Linguistic Object
E35
This class comprises the names assigned to works, such as texts, artworks or pieces of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.
Title
E36
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks or images etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Man-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a short-cut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.
Visual Item
E39
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.
Actor
E40
This class comprises institutions or groups of people that have obtained a legal recognition as a group and can act collectively as agents.
This means that they can perform actions, own property, create or destroy things and can be held collectively responsible for their actions like individual people. The term 'personne morale' is often used for this in French.
Legal Body
E41
This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context.
Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes.
Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised.
E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment
Appellation
E42
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently
within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are
typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for
automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.
Identifier
E44
This class comprises any sort of identifier characteristically used to refer to an E53 Place.
Instances of E44 Place Appellation may vary in their degree of precision and their meaning may vary over time - the same instance of E44 Place Appellation may be used to refer to several places, either because of cultural shifts, or because objects used as reference points have moved around. Instances of E44 Place Appellation can be extremely varied in form: postal addresses, instances of E47 Spatial Coordinate, and parts of buildings can all be considered as instances of E44 Place Appellation.
Place Appellation
E46
This class comprises areas of objects referred to in terms specific to the general geometry or structure of its kind.
The 'prow' of the boat, the 'frame' of the picture, the 'front' of the building are all instances of E46 Section Definition. The class highlights the fact that parts of objects can be treated as locations. This holds in particular for features without natural boundaries, such as the “head” of a marble statue made out of one block (cf. E53 Place). In answer to the question 'where is the signature?' one might reply 'on the lower left corner'. (Section Definition is closely related to the term “segment” in Gerstl, P. Pribbenow, S, 1996 “ A conceptual theory of part – whole relations and its applications”, Data Knowledge Engineering 20 305-322, North Holland- Elsevier ).
Section Definition
E49
This class comprises all forms of names or codes, such as historical periods, and dates, which are characteristically used to refer to a specific E52 Time-Span.
The instances of E49 Time Appellation may vary in their degree of precision, and they may be relative to other time frames, “Before Christ” for example. Instances of E52 Time-Span are often defined by reference to a cultural period or an event e.g. ‘the duration of the Ming Dynasty’.
Time Appellation
E51
This class comprises identifiers employed, or understood, by communication services to direct communications to an instance of E39 Actor. These include E-mail addresses, telephone numbers, post office boxes, Fax numbers, URLs etc. Most postal addresses can be considered both as instances of E44 Place Appellation and E51 Contact Point. In such cases the subclass E45 Address should be used.
URLs are addresses used by machines to access another machine through an http request. Since the accessed machine acts on behalf of the E39 Actor providing the machine, URLs are considered as instances of E51 Contact Point to that E39 Actor.
Contact Point
E52
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration.
Time Span has no other semantic connotations. Time-Spans are used to define the temporal extent of instances of E4 Period, E5 Event and any other phenomena valid for a certain time. An E52 Time-Span may be identified by one or more instances of E49 Time Appellation.
Since our knowledge of history is imperfect, instances of E52 Time-Span can best be considered as approximations of the actual Time-Spans of temporal entities. The properties of E52 Time-Span are intended to allow these approximations to be expressed precisely. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. Used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it would nevertheless define them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else was known.
Automatic processing and querying of instances of E52 Time-Span is facilitated if data can be parsed into an E61 Time Primitive.
Time-Span
E53
This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter.
The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It may be identified by one or more instances of E44 Place Appellation.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.
Any object can serve as a frame of reference for E53 Place determination. The model foresees the notion of a "section" of an E19 Physical Object as a valid E53 Place determination.
Place
E54
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the true quantity, independent from its numerical approximation, e.g. in inches or in cm. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of an instance of E54 Dimension. If the true values belong to a non-discrete space, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that interoperability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension as appropriate.
Dimension
E55
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CRM classes.
E55 Type is the CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term). Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
Type
E56
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639:1988.
Language
E57
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: “instances of gold”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used.
Material
E58
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g.: “instances of cm”.
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible. (ISO 1000:1992). Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.
Measurement Unit
E60
This class comprises any encoding of computable (algebraic) values such as integers, real numbers, complex numbers, vectors, tensors etc., including intervals of these values to express limited precision.
Numbers are fundamentally distinct from identifiers in continua, such as instances of E50 Date and E47 Spatial Coordinate, even though their encoding may be similar. Instances of E60 Number can be combined with each other in algebraic operations to yield other instances of E60 Number, e.g., 1+1=2. Identifiers in continua may be combined with numbers expressing distances to yield new identifiers, e.g., 1924-01-31 + 2 days = 1924-02-02. Cf. E54 Dimension
Number
E61
This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for time that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and interval logic to express date ranges relevant to cultural documentation.
E61 Time Primitive is not further elaborated upon within the model.
Time Primitive
E62
This class comprises the instances of E59 Primitive Values used for documentation such as free text strings, bitmaps, vector graphics, etc.
E62 String is not further elaborated upon within the model
String
E63
This class comprises events that bring into existence any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus post quem and ante quem.
Beginning of Existence
E64
This class comprises events that end the existence of any E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a terminus postquem and antequem. In cases where substance from a Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented by E81 Transformation.
End of Existence
E65
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts,
music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
Creation
E66
This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective. The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.
Formation
E67
This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living beings).
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same E67 Birth event. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth event.
Birth
E68
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an E74 Group of people.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an E7 Activity.
Dissolution
E69
This class comprises the deaths of human beings.If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented using E64 End of Existence.
Death
E70
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability.
They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
Thing
E71
This class comprises discrete, identifiable man-made items that are documented as single units.
These items are either intellectual products or man-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
Man-Made Thing
E72
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied.
This is true for all E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of the E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CRM.
Legal Object
E73
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as a poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of an E73 Information Object.An E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
Information Object
E74
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of E39 Actors that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the Group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group.
A gathering of people becomes an E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modeled as membership in an E74 Group (cf. HumanML markup). Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
Group
E75
This class comprises appellations that are by their form or syntax specific to identifying instances of E28 Conceptual Object, such
as intellectual products, standardized patterns etc.
Conceptual Object Appellation
E77
This class comprises items that have a persistent identity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy.
They can be repeatedly recognized within the duration of their existence by identity criteria rather than by continuity or observation. Persistent Items can be either physical entities, such as people, animals or things, or conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or common names.
The criteria that determine the identity of an item are often difficult to establish -; the decision depends largely on the judgement of the observer. For example, a building is regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. The class E77 Persistent Item does not take any position about the nature of the applicable identity criteria and if actual knowledge about identity of an instance of this class exists. There may be cases, where the identity of an E77 Persistent Item is not decidable by a certain state of knowledge.The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
Persistent Item
E78
This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained ("curated" and "preserved", in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan.
Items may be added or removed from an E78 Collection in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Collection often referred to with the name of the E78 Collection (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”).
Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Collection. This is because they form wholes either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality.
Collection
E79
This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing being increased, enlarged or augmented by the addition of a part.
Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated E78 Collection. Objects to which parts are added are, by definition, man-made, since the addition of a part implies a human activity. Following the addition of parts, the resulting man-made assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Collection over their lifespan.
Part Addition
E80
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated E78 Collection. If the E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be regarded as both E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewelry, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.
Part Removal
E81
This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item and the creation of one or more than one E77 Persistent Item that preserves recognizable substance from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature and identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E77 Persistent Item are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E77 Persistent Item(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history and the reorganization of a corporate body into a new one.
Transformation
E82
This class comprises any sort of name, number, code or symbol characteristically used to identify an E39 Actor.
An E39 Actor will typically have more than one E82 Actor Appellation, and instances of E82 Actor Appellation in turn may have alternative representations. The distinction between corporate and personal names, which is particularly important in library applications, should be made by explicitly linking the E82 Actor Appellation to an instance of either E21 Person or E74 Group/E40 Legal Body. If this is not possible, the distinction can be made through the use of the P2 has type mechanism.
Actor Appellation
E83
This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items.
It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “orgininal element” or “holotype”.
Type Creation
E84
This class comprises all instances of E22 Man-Made Object that are explicitly designed to act as persistent physical carriers for instances of E73 Information Object.
An E84 Information Carrier may or may not contain information, e.g., a diskette. Note that any E18 Physical Thing may carry information, such as an E34 Inscription. However, unless it was specifically designed for this purpose, it is not an Information Carrier. Therefore the property P128 carries (is carried by) applies to E18 Physical Thing in general.
Information Carrier
E85
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.
Joining
E86
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.
Leaving
E87
This class comprises the activities that result in the continuity of management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Collection, following an implicit or explicit curation plan.
It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded.
Items are accumulated and organized following criteria like subject, chronological period, material type, style of art etc. and can be added or removed from an E78 Collection for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items of a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event while the activity of evolving, preserving and promoting a collection is regarded as an instance of E87 Curation Activity.
Curation Activity
E89
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topics of discourse.
This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
Propositional Object
E90
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content.
An instance of E90 Symbolic Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.
In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note allows for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
Symbolic Object
E92
This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime regardless its true geometric form. They may derive
their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in
spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, Place and Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume.
An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy
due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified
with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of a spacetime volume is trivially its projection on time.
Spacetime Volume
E93
This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that result from intersection of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E52 Time-Span. The identity of an instance of this class is determined by the identities of the constituing spacetime volume and the time-span.
This class can be used to define temporal snapshots at a particular time-span, such as the extent of the Roman Empire at 33 B.C., or the extent occupied by a museum object at rest in an exhibit. In particular, it can be used to define the spatial projection of a spacetime volume during a particular time-span, such as the maximal spatial extent of a flood at some particular hour, or all areas covered by the Poland within the 20th century AD.
Presence
E94
This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for space that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and references to spatial coordinate systems to express geometries on or relative to earth, or any other stable constellations of matter, relevant to cultural and scientific documentation.An E94 Space Primitive defines an E53 Place in the sense of a declarative place as elaborated in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013), which means that the identity of the place is derived from its geometric definition. This declarative place allows for the application of all place properties to relate phenomenal places to their approximations expressed with geometries.Instances of E94 Space Primitive provide the ability to link CRM encoded data to the kinds of geometries used in maps or Geoinformation systems. They may be used for visualisation of the instances of E53 Place they define, in their geographic context and for computing topological relations between places based on these geometries.E94 Space Primitive is not further elaborated upon within this model. Statement of compatibility with OPENGIS
Space Primitive
F1
This class comprises distinct concepts or combinations of concepts identified in artistic and intellectual expressions, such as poems, stories or musical compositions. Such concepts may appear in the course of the coherent evolution of an original idea into one or more expressions that are dominated by the original idea. A Work may be elaborated by one or more Actors simultaneously or over time. The substance of Work is ideas. A Work may have members that are works in their own right.
A Work can be either individual or complex. If it is individual its concept is completely realised in a single F22 Self-Contained Expression. If it is complex its concept is embedded in an F15 Complex Work. An F15 Complex Work consists of alternative members that are either F15 Complex Works themselves or F14 Individual Works.
A Work is the product of an intellectual process of one or more persons, yet only indirect evidence about it is at our hands. This can be contextual information such as the existence of an order for a work, reflections of the creators themselves that are documented somewhere, and finally the expressions of the work created. As ideas normally take shape during discussion, elaboration and implementation, it is not reasonable to assume that a work starts with a complete concept. In some cases, it can be very difficult or impossible to define the whole of the concept of a work at a particular time. The objective evidence for such a notion can only be based on a stage of expressions at a given time. In this sense, the sets of ideas that constitute particular self-contained expressions may be regarded as a kind of “snap-shot” of a work.
A Work may include the concept of aggregating expressions of other works into a new expression. For instance, an anthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of the individual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of the resulting expression.
Work
F2
This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms that have objectively recognisable structures. The substance of F2 Expression is signs.
Expressions cannot exist without a physical carrier, but do not depend on a specific physical carrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Carriers may include human memory.
Inasmuch as the form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression, any change in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word, a poem created in capitals and rendered in lower case) is a new F2 Expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one language to another) result in the creation of a new F2 Expression. Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the resulting F2 Expression is considered to be a new F2 Expression. Minor changes, such as corrections of spelling and punctuation, etc., are normally considered variations within the same F2 Expression. On a practical level, the degree to which distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the F1 Work itself, and on the anticipated needs of users.
The genre of the work may provide an indication of which features are essential to the expression. In some cases, aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realisation of the work as such, and therefore are not distinctive criteria for the respective expressions. For another work, features such as layout may be essential. For instance, the author or a graphic designer may wrap a poem around an image.
An expression of a work may include expressions of other works within it. For instance, an anthology of poems is regarded as a work in its own right that makes use of expressions of the individual poems that have been selected and ordered as part of an intellectual process. This does not make the contents of the aggregated expressions part of this work, but only parts of the resulting expression.
If an instance of F2 Expression is of a specific form, such as text, image, etc., it may be simultaneously instantiated in the specific classes representing these forms in CIDOC CRM. Thereby one can make use of the more specific properties of these classes, such as language (which is applicable to instances of E33 Linguistic Object only).
Expression
F3
This class comprises the definitions of publication products.
An instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type is the “species”, and all copies of a given object are “specimens” of it. An instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type defines all of the features or traits that instances of F5 Item normally display in order that they may be recognised as copies of a particular publication. However, due to production problems or subsequent events, one or more instances of F5 Item may not exhibit all these features or traits; yet such instances still retain their relationship to the same instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
The features that characterise a given instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type include: one instance of F24 Publication Expression, containing one or more than one instance of F2 Expression, reflecting the authors’ content of the manifestation and all additional input by the publisher; and the appropriate types of physical features for that form of the object. For example, hardcover and paperback are two distinct publications (i.e. two distinct instances of F3 Manifestation Product Type) even though authorial and editorial content are otherwise identical in both publications. The activity of cataloguing aims at the most accurate listing of features or traits of an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that are sufficient to distinguish it from another instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
Manifestation Product Type
F4
This class comprises physical objects that each carry an instance of F2 Expression, and that were produced as unique objects, with no
siblings intended in the course of their production. It should be noted that if all but one copy of a given publication are destroyed,
then that copy does not become an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton, because it was produced together with sibling copies, even
though it now happens to be unique. Examples of instances of F4 Manifestation Singleton include manuscripts, preparatory sketches and the
final clean draft sent by an author or a composer to a publisher.
Manifestation Singleton
F5
This class comprises physical objects (printed books, scores, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMS, etc.) that carry a F24 Publication Expression and
were produced by an industrial process involving an F3 Manifestation Product Type.
Item
F12
This class comprises any sign or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax (sequences of alphanumeric characters, chemical
structure symbols, sound symbols, ideograms etc.) that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class
or category within a certain context. The scripts or type sets for the types of symbols used to compose an instance of F12 Nomen have to
be explicitly specified. The identity of an instance of F12 Nomen is given by the order of its symbols and their individual role with
respect to their scripts, regardless of the semantics of the larger structural components it may be built from. Structural tags occurring
in the nomen string are regarded as symbols constituting the nomen. Spelling variants are regarded as different nomina, whereas the use of
different fonts (visual representation variants) or different digital encodings do not change the identity.
Nomen
F13
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents. [Adapted from the Scope Note of CIDOC CRM E42 Identifier ver. 5.0.1]
Identifier
F14
This class comprises works that are realised by one and only one self-contained expression, i.e., works representing the concept as expressed by precisely this expression.
Inherent to the notion of work is the completion of recognisable outcomes of the work. These outcomes, i.e. the Self-Contained Expressions, are regarded as the symbolic equivalents of Individual Works, which form the atoms of a complex work. Normally creators would characterise an outcome of a work as finished. In other cases, one could recognise an outcome of a work as complete from the elaboration or logical coherence of its content, or if there is any historical knowledge about the creator deliberately or accidentally never finishing (completing) that particular expression. In all those cases, one would regard the corresponding expression as equivalent to one Individual Work.
Individual Work
F15
This class comprises works that have other works as members. The members of a Complex Work may constitute alternatives to, derivatives of, or self-contained components of other members of the same Complex Work.
In practice, no clear line can be drawn between parallel and subsequent processes in the evolution of a work. One part may not be finished when another is already revised. An initially monolithic work may be taken up and evolve in pieces. The member relationship of Work is based on the conceptual relationship, and should not be confused with the internal structural parts of an individual expression. The fact that an expression may contain parts from other work(s) does not make the expressed work complex. For instance, an anthology for which only one version exists is not a complex work.
The boundaries of a Complex Work have nothing to do with the value of the intellectual achievement but only with the dominance of a concept. Thus, derivations such as translations are regarded as belonging to the same Complex Work, even though in addition they constitute an Individual Work themselves. In contrast, a Work that significantly takes up and merges concepts of other works so that it is no longer dominated by the initial concept is regarded as a new work. In cataloguing practice, detailed rules are established prescribing which kinds of derivation should be regarded as crossing the boundaries of a complex work. Adaptation and derivation graphs allow the recognition of distinct sub-units, i.e. a complex work contained in a larger complex work.
As a Complex Work can be taken up by any creator who acquires the spirit of its concept, it is never finished in an absolute sense.
Complex Work
F18
This class comprises works that are, or have been, planned to result in sequences of Expressions or Manifestations with common features. Whereas a work can acquire new members during the time it evolves, Expressions and Manifestations are identified with a certain state achieved at a particular point in time. Therefore there is in general no single Expression or Manifestation representing a complete serial work, unless the serial work has ended.
Serial Works may or may not have a plan for an overall expression.
The retrospective reprinting of all issues of a Serial Work at once, in the form of a monograph, is regarded to be another member of a Complex Work, which contains the Serial Work and the Individual Work realised in the monograph. This does not make the monograph part of the Serial Work.
Serial Work
F19
This class comprises works that have been planned to result in a manifestation product type or an electronic publishing service and that pertain to the rendering of expressions from other works
Publication Work
F20
This class comprises the sets of concepts for rendering a particular or a series of like performances.
F20 Performance Work is declared as a subclass of F16 Container Work. This implies that the incorporated expressions (such as the text of the staged play, the text of the argument for the ballet, the recorded music to be used for the ballet, or the content of the musical score to be used for a concert, etc.) are not by themselves a part of the expression of this F1 Work. Rather, an expression (F25 Performance Plan) of the instructions the stage production, choreography or musical performance consists of incorporates (P165) that textual or musical content. In other words, the text of ‘Hamlet’ is not a component of the concepts that underlie a given mise-en-scène of ‘Hamlet’, but any staging directions (F25 Performance Plan) that convey a given director’s vision of ‘Hamlet’ must necessarily incorporate the text of ‘Hamlet’.
Performance Work
F21
This class comprises works that conceptualise the capturing of features of perdurants. The characteristics of the manifestation of a recording work are those of the product of the capture process. The characteristics of any other works recorded are distinct from those of the recording work itself. In the case where the recorded perdurant expresses some Work, the respective instance of F21 is also an F16 Container Work.
The concept of recording is not necessarily linked to the use of modern devices that allow for mechanical recording, such as tape recorders or cameras. However, in practice, library catalogues tend to regard as recordings only the products of such mechanical devices.
But the concept of recording is very much linked to the notion that there is something that is recorded. In general, photographs or animated images are not to be regarded as instances of F21 Recording Work just because of the use of the medium, but simply as instances of F1 Work (or F15 Complex Work). Only such photographs and animated images that can be used as documentation are to be regarded as recordings.
Recording Work
F22
This class comprises the immaterial realisations of individual works at a particular time that are regarded as a complete whole. The quality of wholeness reflects the intention of its creator that this expression should convey the concept of the work. Such a whole can in turn be part of a larger whole.
Inherent to the notion of work is the completion of recognisable outcomes of the work. These outcomes, i.e. the Self-Contained Expressions, are regarded as the symbolic equivalents of Individual Works, which form the atoms of a complex work. A Self-Contained Expression may contain expressions or parts of expressions from other work, such as citations or items collected in anthologies. Even though they are incorporated in the Self-Contained Expression, they are not regarded as becoming members of the expressed container work by their inclusion in the expression, but are rather regarded as foreign or referred to elements.
F22 Self-Contained Expression can be distinguished from F23 Expression Fragment in that an F23 Expression Fragment was not intended by its creator to make sense by itself. Normally creators would characterise an outcome of a work as finished. In other cases, one could recognise an outcome of a work as complete from the elaboration or logical coherence of its content, or if there is any historical knowledge about the creator deliberately or accidentally never finishing (completing) that particular expression. In all those cases, one would regard an expression as self-contained.
Self-Contained Expression
F23
This class comprises parts of Expressions and these parts are not Self-Contained Expressions themselves.
The existence of an instance of F23 Expression Fragment can be due to accident, such as loss of material over time, e.g. the only remaining manuscript of an antique text being partially eaten by worms, or due to deliberate isolation, such as excerpts taken from a text by the compiler of a collection of excerpts.
An F23 Expression Fragment is only identified with respect to its occurrence in a known or assumed whole. The size of an instance of F23 Expression Fragment ranges from more than 99% of an instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression to tiny bits (a few words from a text, one bar from a musical composition, one detail from a still image, a two-second clip from a movie, etc.).
Expression Fragment
F24
This class comprises complete sets of signs present in publications, reflecting publishers’ final decisions as to both selection of content and layout of the publications. Frequently the creation of a Publication Expression includes both adding graphical form and fonts to Expressions consisting of words alone and selecting illustrations and other content. As such, an instance of Publication Expression incorporates all Expressions combined for the resulting final form of rendering, whether visual, audio or tactile. An instance of Publication Expression is one entity regardless of the number of independent Expressions published within it, as long as it represents one unit of release. The published third party content can be associated via the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in).
Publication Expression
F25
This class comprises sets of directions to which individual performances of theatrical, choreographic, or musical works and their combinations should conform.
In the case of theatrical performances, such directions incorporate, but are not limited nor reducible to, the text of a given version of the play performed (e.g., a translated text, some passages of which are deliberately omitted, with some rephrased lines, etc.).
In the case of choreographic performances, such directions may incorporate, but are neither limited nor reducible to, the notation of choreographic movements in systems such as labanotation.
In the case of musical performances, such directions may incorporate, but are neither limited nor reducible to, the musical score. In case of electronic music, they may incorporate software instructions.
These directions may or may not completely determine the form of the intended performance. Depending on the nature of the directions, the form of the intended performance, such as the sets of movements or the sound characteristics, may or may not be predictable from the directions.
Note that a performance plan may be more or less elaborate, and may even foresee just improvisation.
Performance Plan
F26
This class comprises expressions which are created in instances of F29 Recording Event. A recording is intended to convey (and
preserve) the features of one or more perdurants.
Recording
F27
This class comprises beginnings of evolutions of works.
An instance of F27 Work Conception marks the initiation of the creation of a work. The work, as an intellectual construction, evolves from this point on, until the last known expression of it. The instance of E39 Actor with which a work is associated through the chain of properties F1 Work R16i was initiated by F27 Work Conception P14 carried out by E39 Actor corresponds to the notion of the “creator” of the work. In the case of commissioned works, it is not the commissioning that is regarded as the work conception, but the acceptance of the commission.
This event does not always correlate with the date assigned in common library practice to the work, which is usually a later event (such as the date of completion of the first clean draft).
In addition, F27 Work Conception can serve to document the circumstances that surrounded the appearance of the original idea for a work, when these are known.
Work Conception
F28
This class comprises activities that result in instances of F2 Expression coming into existence. This class characterises the externalisation of an Individual Work.
Although F2 Expression is an abstract entity, a conceptual object, the creation of an expression inevitably also affects the physical world: when you scribble the first draft of a poem on a sheet of paper, you produce an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton; F28 Expression Creation is a subclass of E12 Production because the recording of the expression causes a physical modification of the carrying E18 Physical Thing. The work becomes manifest by being expressed on a physical carrier different from the creator’s brain. The spatio-temporal circumstances under which the expression is created are necessarily the same spatio-temporal circumstances under which the first instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton is produced. The mechanisms through which oral tradition (of myths, tales, music, etc.) operates are not further investigated in this model. As far as bibliographic practice is concerned, only those instances of F2 Expression that are externalised on physical carriers other than both the creator’s brain and the auditor’s brain are taken into account (for a discussion of the modelling of oral traditions, see: Nicolas, Yann. ‘Folklore Requirements for Bibliographic Records: oral traditions and FRBR.’ In: Cataloging Classification Quarterly (2005). Vol. 39, No. 3-4. P. 179-195).
It is possible to use the P2 has type (is type of) property in order to specify that the creation of a given expression of a given work played a particular role with regard to the overall bibliographic history of that work (e.g., that it was the creation of the progenitor expression on which all other expressions of the same work are based; or that it was the creation of the critical edition that served as the basis for canonical references to the work).
Expression Creation
F29
This class comprises activities that intend to convey (and preserve) the features of perdurants in a recording, such as a live
recording of a performance, a documentary, or other capture of a perdurant. Such activities may follow the directions of a recording plan.
They may include postproduction.
Recording Event
F30
This class comprises the activities of publishing. Such an event includes the creation of an F24 Publication Expression and setting up the means of production. The end of this event is regarded as the date of publication, regardless of whether the carrier production is started. Publishing can be either physical or electronic. Electronic publishing is regarded as making an instance of F24 Publication Expression available in electronic form on a public network. Electronic Publishing does not mean producing a physical instance of F5 Item by partially electronic means. Making an electronic file available on a physical carrier can be regarded as equivalent to setting up the means of production; downloading the file is regarded as the electronic equivalent of F32 Carrier Production Event.
Publication Event
F31
This class comprises activities that follow the directions of a performance plan, such as a theatrical play, an expression of a choreographic work or a musical work; i.e., they are intended to communicate directly or indirectly to an audience.
Such activities can be identified at various levels of granularity, and can be contiguous or not. Any individual performance (with or without intermissions) is a single instance of F31 Performance. In addition, a complete run of performances can also be seen as an instance of F31 Performance, with individual performances as parts. A complete run of performances may comprise an original run plus any of its extensions and tours.
Note that a performance plan may be more or less elaborate, and may even foresee just improvisation.
Performance
F32
This class comprises activities that result in instances of F54 Utilised Information Carrier coming into existence. Both the production of a series of physical objects (printed books, scores, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMS, etc.) and the creation of a new copy of a file on an electronic carrier are regarded as instances of F32 Carrier Production Event.
Typically, the production of copies of a publication (no matter whether it is a book, a sound recording, a DVD, a cartographic resource, etc.) strives to produce items all as similar as possible to a prototype that displays all the features that all the copies of the publication should also display, which is reflected in property R27 used as source material F24 Publication Expression.
Carrier Production Event
F33
This class comprises activities that consist in making copies, more or less mechanically, of an instance of E84 Information Carrier (such as an F5 Item or an F4 Manifestation Singleton which is also instance of E84 Information Carrier), preserving the expression carried by it. A Reproduction Event results in new instances of E84 Information Carrier coming into existence. In general, the copy will have different attributes from the original and they are therefore not regarded as siblings.
This class makes it possible to account for the legal distinction between private copying for the purpose of “fair use,” and mass production for the purpose of dissemination.
It can prove difficult to determine where to draw the line between F33 Reproduction Event and F32 Carrier Production Event in cases where multiple copies are produced. In this case, the copies, but not the original, may be regarded as instances of F5 Item. It is the existence of an explicit production plan that makes the difference. As a consequence, F33 Reproduction Event and F32 Carrier Production Event are not declared as disjoint, which makes it possible to account for such situations that could be regarded as instances of both Production Event and Reproduction Event.
Reproduction Event
F34
This class comprises documents that establish controlled terminology (nomina) for consistent use. They may also describe relationships between entities and controlled terminology and relationships between entities. Note that any meaningful change in a Knowledge Organisation System (KOS) that affects the validity status of its elements defines a new release (Expression) of the KOS. Note that identifiers created following a rule in a KOS are to be regarded as being taken from this KOS, even though not explicitly spelled out. This definition of KOS reflects current library practice and not the use of the term in general.
KOS
F35
This class comprises statements relating a Thema with a particular Nomen and its usage in the context of a common Complex Work realized by one or more KOS.
Nomen Use Statement
F36
This class comprises rule sets for converting signs or arrangements of signs from one script or type set to another.
Script Conversion
F38
This class comprises fictional or iconographic individuals or groups of individuals (including families) appearing in works in a way relevant as subjects. Characters may be purely fictitious or based on real persons or groups, but as characters they may exhibit properties that would be inconsistent with a real person or group. Rather than merging characters with real persons, they should be described as disjoint, but related entities.
Character
F40
This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of any subclass of E1 CRM Entity. An F40 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents. Explicit reference to the used constituents can be made using the property P142 used constituent (was used in). The syntax of the identifier and the kinds of constituents to be used in constructing it may be declared in a rule. The construction of controlled access points for the names of persons, families and corporate bodies following specific cataloguing rules is a typical library application of identifier assignment. F40 Identifier Assignment also includes the assignment of controlled access points for works or expressions.
Identifier Assignment
F41
This class comprises activities through which an Agency declares (implicitly or explicitly) that a given instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton is representative for a given F2 Expression, i.e., that some features found on that instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton (most prominently, information about the title) can be inferred to also apply to that instance of F2 Expression, no matter within which manifestation it is embodied.
The reasoning behind is that the Work title is known through the title of an Expression that is deemed representative of the Work, and the title of the representative Expression is known through the title proper of a Manifestation that is deemed representative of the Expression representative of the Work.
Representative Manifestation Assignment
F42
This class comprises activities through which an Agency declares (implicitly or explicitly) that a given instance of F2 Expression is
representative for a given F15 Complex Work, i.e., that some attributes of that instance of F2 Expression (most prominently, information
about the title) can be inferred to also apply to that instance of F15 Complex Work, no matter in which particular expression it is
realised. The reasoning behind this is that the Work title is known through the title of an Expression that is deemed representative of
the Work, and the title of the representative Expression is known through the title of a Manifestation that is deemed representative of
the Expression that is representative of the Work. For instance, by using the qualified controlled access point ‘Poe, Edgar Allan,
1809-1849. Murders in the rue Morgue (French)’ for the French rendition of Poe’s ‘Murders in the rue Morgue’ by Baudelaire, an Agency
implicitly states that the French text does not constitute a representative F2 Expression for Poe’s F1 Work, however the original English
text does constitute a representative F2 Expression for Poe’s F1 Work.
Representative Expression Assignment
F43
This class comprises sets of instructions relating to the formulation of a unique identifier.
Identifier Rule
F44
This class comprises agents who create the bibliographic description of publications and perform the authority control associated with such descriptions, for the description of copies of such publications actually held by libraries, and for the description of unique documents (manuscripts, objects…) held by libraries.
The activity of creating such descriptions implies that one has to make decisions (as to the controlled access point for a work, as to whether an arrangement still belongs to the same work or is definitely a new work, etc.). Since such decisions always are debatable and different agencies can make different decisions about the same real-world entities, it is important to document which agency made which decision.
Bibliographic Agency
F51
This class comprises periods of continuous activity of an Actor in a specific professional or creative domain or field.
Pursuit
F52
This class comprises periods of continuous use of a specific instance of E41 Appellation for a particular instance of E1 CRM Entity by an E39 Actor. It includes in particular the use of the name by its carrier. Characteristically, actors performing an activity may choose a particular appellation for themselves in the context of this activity. Such cases should be modelled by additionally classifying these activities as instances of F52 Name Use Activity.
It is possible to specify the type of name use, through the P2 has type property, e.g.: use of a pseudonym, use of a married name, use of a birth name, use of a blended name, use of a religious name, etc.
Name Use Activity
F54
This class comprises physical objects that carry one or more instances of F24 Publication Expression.
Utilized Information Carrier
S1
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of S10 Material Substantial being decreased by the removal of an
amount of matter. Typical scenarios include the removal of a component or piece of a physical object, removal of an archaeological or
geological layer, taking a tissue sample from a body or a sample of fluid from a body of water. The removed matter may acquire a
persistent identity of different nature beyond the act of its removal, such as becoming a physical object in the narrower sense. Such
cases should be modeled by using multiple instantiation with adequate concepts of creating the respective items.
Matter Removal
S2
This class comprises the activity that results in taking an amount of matter as sample for further analysis from a material
substantial such as a body of water, a geological formation or an archaeological object. The removed matter may acquire a persistent
identity of different nature beyond the act of its removal, such as becoming a physical object in the narrower sense. The sample is
typically removed from a physical feature which is used as a frame of reference, the place of sampling. In case of non-rigid Material
Substantials, the source of sampling may regarded not to be modified by the activity of sample taking.
Sample Taking
S4
This class comprises the activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality gained by
empirical evidence, experiments and by measurements. We define observation in the sense of natural sciences, as a kind of human activity:
at some Place and within some Time-Span, certain Physical Things and their behavior and interactions are observed, either directly by
human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices. The output of the internal processes of measurement devices that
do not require additional human interaction are in general regarded as part of the observation and not as additional inference. Manual
recordings may serve as additional evidence. Measurements and witnessing of events are special cases of observations. Observations result
in a belief about certain propositions. In this model, the degree of confidence in the observed properties is regarded to be “true” per
default, but could be described differently by adding a property P3 has note to an instance of S4 Observation, or by reification of the
property O16 observed value. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded in this model to be results of observation and can be
interpreted as propositions believed to be true within the (known) tolerances and degree of reliability of the device. Observations
represent the transition between reality and propositions in the form of instances of a formal ontology, and can be subject to data
evaluation from this point on.
Observation
S6
This class comprises the action of concluding propositions on a respective reality from observational data by making
evaluations based on mathematical inference rules and calculations using established hypotheses, such as the calculation of an earthquake
epicenter. S6 Data Evaluation is not defined as S21/E16 Measurement; Secondary derivations of dimensions of an object from data measured
by different processes are regarded as S6 Data Evaluation and not determining instances of Measurement in its own right. For instance, the
volume of a statue concluded from a 3D model is an instance of S6 Data Evaluation and not of Measurement.
Data Evaluation
S9
This class comprises types of properties. Typically, instances of S9 Property Type would be taken from an ontology or
terminological system. In particular, instances of this class can be used to describe in a parametric way what kind of properties the
values in scientific data sets are about. By virtue of such descriptions, numeric data can be interpreted as sets of propositions in terms
of a formal ontology, such as “concentration of nitrate”, observed in the ground water from a certain borehole.
Property Type
S10
This class comprises constellations of matter with a relative stability of any form sufficient to associate them with a
persistent identity, such as being confined to certain extent, having a relative stability of form or structure, or containing a fixed
amount of matter. In particular, it comprises physical things in the narrower sense and fluid bodies. It is an abstraction of physical
substance for solid and non-solid things of matter.
Material Substantial
S11
This class comprises fixed amounts of matter specified as some air, some water, some soil, etc., defined by the total and
integrity of their material content.
Amount of Matter
S12
This class comprises fixed amounts of fluid defined by the total of its material content, typically molecules. They frequently
acquire identity in laboratory practice by the fact of being kept or handled together within some adequate containers.
Amount of Fluid
S13
This class comprises instances of S11 Amount of Matter taken from some instance of S10 Material Substantial with the intention
to be representative for some material qualities of the instance of S10 Material Substantial or part of it was taken from for further
analysis. We typically regard a sample as ceasing to exist when the respective representative qualities become corrupted, such as the
purity of a water sample or the layering of a bore core.
Sample
S14
This class comprises a mass of matter in fluid form environmentally constraint in some persistent form allowing for identifying
it for the management or research of material phenomena, such as a part of the sea, a river, the atmosphere or the milk in a bottle.
Fluids are generally defined by the continuity criterion which is characteristic of their substance: their amorphous matter is continuous
and tends to flow. Therefore, contiguous amounts of matter within a fluid body may stay contiguous or at least be locally spatially
confined for a sufficiently long time in order to be temporarily identified and traced. This is a much weaker concept of stability of form
than the one we would apply to what one would call a physical object. In general, an instance of Fluid Body may gain or lose matter over
time through so-called sources or sinks in its surface, in contrast to physical things, which may lose or gain matter by exchange of
pieces such as spare parts or corrosion.
Fluid Body
S15
This class comprises instances of E2 Temporal Entity or E77 Persistent Item, i.e. items or phenomena that can be observed,
either directly by human sensory impression, or enhanced with tools and measurement devices, such as physical things, their behavior,
states and interactions or events. Conceptual objects can be present in events by their carriers such as books, digital media, or even
human memory. By virtue of this presence, properties of conceptual objects, such as number of words can be observed on their carriers. If
the respective properties between carriers differ, either they carry different instances of conceptual objects or the difference can be
attributed to accidental deficiencies in one of the carriers. In that sense even immaterial objects are observable. By this model we give
credit to the fact that frequently, the actually observed carriers of conceptual objects are not explicitly identified in documentation,
i.e., the actual carrier is assumed having existed but is unknown as an individual.
Observable Entity
S16
This class comprises the persistence of a particular value range of the properties of a particular thing or things over a
time-span.
State
S17
This class comprises events or processes that result in (generate) physical things, man-made or natural, coming into being in
the form by which they are later identified. The creation of a new physical item, at the same time, can be a result of an alteration
(modification) – it can become a new thing due to an alteration activity.
Physical Genesis
S18
This class comprises natural events or man-made processes that create, alter or change physical things, by affecting
permanently their form or consistency without changing their identity. Examples include alterations on depositional features-layers by
natural factors or disturbance by roots or insects, organic alterations, petrification, etc.
Alteration
S19
This class comprises activities of S4 Observation (substance) where an E39 Actor encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing
of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation
produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at a particular place in or on surrounding matter. This knowledge may be
new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case we would talk about a discovery. The observer may recognize or assign an
individual identity of the thing encountered or regard only the type as noteworthy in the associated documentation or report. In
archaeology there is a particular interest if an object is found “in situ”, i.e. if its embedding in the surrounding matter supports the
assumption that the object was not moved since the archaeologically relevant deposition event. The surrounding matter with the relative
position of the object in it as well as the absolute position and time of the observation may be recorded in order to enable inferences
about the history of the E18 Physical Thing. In Biology, additional parameters may be recorded like the kind of ecosystem, if the
biological individual survives the observation, what detection or catching devices have been used or if the encounter event supported the
detection of a new biological kind (“taxon”).
Encounter Event
S20
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. An instance of S20 Physical Feature also represents the place it occupies with respect to the surrounding matter. More precisely, it is the maximal real volume in space that an instance of S20 Physical Feature is occupying during its lifetime with respect to the default reference space relative to which the feature is at rest. In cases of features on or in the surface of earth, the default reference is typically fixed to the closer environment of the tectonic plate or sea floor. In cases of features on mobile objects, the reference space is typically fixed to the geometry of the bearing object.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colors, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith and Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.
Physical Feature
S21
This class comprises actions measuring instances of E2 Temporal Entity or E77 Persistent Items, properties of physical things,
or phenomena, states and interactions or events, that can be determined by a systematic procedure. Primary data from measurement devices
are regarded to be results of an observation process.
Measurement
S22
This class comprises physical material in a relative stability of form (substance) within a specific spacetime volume (unity,
extend). The spatial extend of a S22 Segment of Matter is defined by humans usually because the constellation is subject to a specific
interest for and investigations of the geometric arrangement of physical features or parts of them on or within the specified S22 Segment
of Matter. It comes into existence as being an object of discourse through S4 Observation or declaration and is restricted to the time
span starting after the last change through an S18 Alteration before the S4 Observation or declaration and ending with the next S18
Alteration Event (identity). A S22 Segment of Matter exists as long as there is no modification of the geometric arrangement of its
particles. Therefore the temporal boundaries of the defining Spacetime Volume are given by two S18 Alteration events. The history of a S22
Segment of Matter started with the first S17 Physical Genesis event that deposited still existing matter within the defined spatial
extend. The collection of all S18 Alteration events represent its history. Some of the events will not leave any physical material within
the S22 Segment of Matter. (to be elaborated further)
Segment of Matter
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of E55 Type, which all exemplars of that publication should belong to, as long as they are recognised as exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation Product Type R7i has example F5 Item P41i was classified by E17 Type Assignment P42 assigned E55 Type.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
should have type
CLP2
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of E54 Dimension, which all exemplars of that publication should have, as long as they are recognised as exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation Product Type R7i has example F5 Item P39i was measured by E16 Measurement P40 observed dimension E54 Dimension.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
should have dimension
CLP43
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of E57 Material, which all exemplars of that publication should consist of, as long as they are recognised as exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation Product Type R7i has example F5 Item P41i was classified by E17 Type Assignment P42 assigned E57 Material.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
should consist of
CLP45
This property associates an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type which prescribes that all its Items will contain as parts an Item of another instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type with that instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
should be composed of
CLP46
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of E60 Number, which denotes the number of physical units all exemplars of that publication should consist of, as long as they are recognised as complete exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation Product Type R7i has example F5 Item P57 has number of parts E60 Number.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to be produced, with that characteristic, accidentally lacks it. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
should have number of parts
CLP57
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of E30 Right, which applies to all exemplars of that publication, as long as they are recognised as exemplars of that publication.
The rights covered by this property may include: acquisition or access authorisation; terms of availability; access restrictions on the Manifestation Product Type; etc.
subject to
CLP104
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of E39 Actor, who holds an instance of E30 Right on all exemplars of that publication, as long as they are recognised as exemplars of that publication.
right held by
CLP105
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of F24 Publication Expression, which all exemplars of that publication should carry, as long as they are recognised as complete exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication. This logical inference is an induction along the path that can be modelled as: F3 Manifestation Product Type R7i has example F5 Item R6 carries F24 Publication Expression.
It can happen that a given exemplar, or a subset of exemplars, originally produced, or intended to be produced with that characteristic, accidentally lacks part of the publication expression. This fact should be recorded as a property of F5 Item, and not of F3 Manifestation Product Type.
should carry
CLR6
This property associates an instance of D2 Digitization Process with an instance of E18 Physical Thing which is a material thing.
digitized
L1
This property associates an instance of D10 Software Execution with an instance of D1 Digital Object which is used as a source, software essential for the performance.
used as source
L2
This property associates an instance of E1 Entity with an instance of resource used as a preferred lexical label. This property is a specialisation of rdf schema label.
has preferred label
L4
This property associates an instance of D7 Digital Machine Event with an instance of D1 Digital Object which is the input used to specify the machine action.
had input
L10
This property associates an instance of D7 Digital Machine Event with an instance of D1 Digital Object which is the output of the activity.
had output
L11
This property associates an instance of D7 Digital Machine Event with an object, the D8 Digital Device, which happened with, e.g a capturing event that happened on/with a digital camera, etc.
happened on device
L12
This property associates an instance of D10 Software Execution with a digital object used as a parameter during the process.
used parameters
L13
This property identifies a digital object transferred by a D12 Data Transfer Event.
transferred
L14
This property identifies a digital device used as a medium on which data are transferred through a D12 Data Transfer Event.
has sender
L15
This property identifies a digital device used as a medium to receive data through a D12 Data Transfer Event.
has receiver
L16
This property associates an instance of D11 Digital Measurement Event with the instance of E55Type of object to which it applied.
measured thing of type
L17
This property identifies a Digital Information Carrier modified in a Digital Machine Event.
has modified
L18
This property associates an instance of a D13 Digital Information Carrier with the instance of Digital Object that is stored on it.
stores
L19
This property identifies a Data Object that came into existence as a result of a D11 Digital Measurement Event.
has created
L20
This property associates an instance of a D3 Formal Derivation with the instance of D1 Digital Object that is used as a derivation source.
used as derivation source
L21
This property associates an instance of D3 Formal Derivation with the Digital Object it used to create a version of.
created derivative
L22
This property associates an instance of D7 Digital Machine Event with the instance of D14 Software that had used.
used software or firmware
L23
This property identifies the logfile that was created by a D10 Software Execution in order to record all the activities in the system.
created logfile
L24
This property describes the participation of a Legal Body in being responsible for the outcome of a specific activity.
has responsible organization
L29
This property describes the activity that is being operated by a person.
has operator
L30
This property allows the starting point for a D7 Digital Machine Event to be situated. This property expresses the approximation of the starting date of a time span.
has starting date-time
L31
This property allows the ending point for a D7 Digital Machine Event to be situated. This property expresses the approximation of the ending date of a time span.
has ending date-time
L32
This property identifies the maker, the actor who is responsible for the production of a device, a computer, a digital camera, any kind of a machine that has been produced. This property is a shortcut of a more fully developed path from CRM E12 Production: P108 has produced: E24 Physical Man-Made Thing. In this case, there is no need to describe the more detailed property through a production event, so L33F has maker is recommended to be used instead.
has maker
L33
This property describes the participation of a Legal Body in being contractor for the outcome of a specific activity.This property is a specialisation of L29_has_responsible_organization.
has contractor
L34
This property describes the participation of a Legal Body in being commissioner for the outcome of a specific activity.This property is a specialisation of L29_has_responsible_organization.
has commissioner
L35
This property describes the associations between objects or areas of objects of the RI, with other objects or regions or persons, places, events.
annotates
L43
This property associates an instance of a textual note with an instance of an object of RI it makes a comment about.
has comment
L47
This property identifies the D29 Annotation Object (associations) that came into existence as a result of a D30 Annotation Event.
created annotation
L48
This property describes the association between a particular area declared in an original digital object.
is primary area of
L49
This property describes the association between an area and the digital object to which it is propagated.
is propagated area of
L50
This property defines a personal name used to identify a person.
has first name
L51
This property defines the last name used to identify a person.
has last name
L52
This property describes a non unique identification applied to E1 CRM Entity.
is not uniquely identified by
L53
This property describes a non unique identification applied to E1 CRM Entity.
is same-as
L54
This property records the inventory number that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was record.
has inventory no
L55
This property records the pixel width of the data object; it approximates a dimension that is part of the image data analysis.
has pixel width
L56
This property records the pixel height of the data object; it approximates a dimension that is part of the image data analysis.
has pixel height
L57
This property records the serial number that was assigned to identify an instance of E22 Man Made Object.
has serial number
L59
This property describes the CRM Entities documented by instances of Digitization Processes.
documents
L60
This property describes the minimum period of time covered by a digital machine event. It identifies the minimum extent of the event.
was ongoing at
L61
This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S10 Material Substantial that this activity diminished.
diminished
O1
This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S11 Amount of Matter that it has removed.
removed
O2
This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance S10 Material Substantial from which a sample was taken This may be a feature or a fluid body from which a sample was removed.
sampled from
O3
This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance of E53 Place at which this activity sampled. It identifies the narrower spatial location from which an instance of a sample was taken. This maybe known or given in absolute terms or relative to an instance of a material substantial from which it was taken. It describes a position within the area in which the instance of the sampling activity occurred. The latter comprises the space within which operators and instruments were contained during the activity.
sampled at
O4
This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance of S13 Sample that was removed during this activity. The sample is identified by a unique identifier.
removed
O5
This property associates an instance of S12 Amount of Fluid with an instance of S14 Fluid Body which forms part of it. It allows instances of S14 Fluid Body to be analyzed into elements of S12 Amount of Fluid.
forms former or current part of
O6
This property associates an instance of E53 Place contained or confined in an instance of E53 Place with the latter. It describes a spatial containment between places or features. It declares a type of a feature which has a kind of spatial containment. Features such as layers defined as a Place that are contained or confined by a Physical Feature behaving as a place. A place-feature that is defined by its environmental area, by another place; it conforms to the outline of its container.
contains or confines
O7
This property associates an instance of S4 Observation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that was observed. Specifically it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon or its reaction is observed by an activity of Observation.
observed
O8
This property associates an instance of S4 Observation with the instance of S9 Property Type for which the observation provides a value or evidence, such as “concentration of nitrate” observed the water from a particular borehole. Encoding the observed property by type, observed entity and value (properties O9, O10, O16) is a method to circumscribe the reification of the observed property by the respective instance of S4 Observation. In an RDFS encoding, this circumscription can be transformed into an explicit representation of the observed property in terms of a formal ontology either by use of a reification construct or by the use of a Named Graph containing the observed property. The latter representation allows for more formal reasoning with the model, the former is more flexible about the kinds of observations.
observed property type
O9
This property associates an instance of S6 Data Evaluation with an instance of E54 Dimension that a data evaluation activity has assigned. In that case, dimensions may be determined by making evaluations on observational data based on mathematical inference rules and calculations.
assigned dimension
O10
This property associates an instance of S6 Data Evaluation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity for which a data evaluation activity provides a description. This description of any Observable Entity is based on data evaluations.
described
O11
This property associates an instance of S15 Observable Entity with an instance of E54 Dimension that the observable entity has.It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established.
has dimension
O12
This property associates an instance of E5 Event that triggers another instance of E5 Event with the latter. It identifies the interaction between events: an event can activate (trigger) other event/s; in that sense it is interpreted as the cause, the triggering factor of a situation in tension (a system); a reaction between events.
triggers
O13
This property associates an instance of E5 Event with instance/s of S16 State/s that an event initializes. These states are described as the results, consequences of an E5 Event.
initializes
O14
This property associates an instance of S10 Material Substantial with the instance of E53 Place that this substance occupied. It describes the space filled (occupied) by a physical matter. This property is the development of the shortcut expressed in the proposition of classification: “S20 Physical Feature” isA “E53 Place”
occupied
O15
This property associates a value assigned to an entity observed by S4 Observation.
observed value
O16
This property associates an instance of S17 Physical Genesis event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing that the event generated.
generated
O17
This property associates an instance of S18 Alteration process with an instance of E18 Physical Thing which was altered by this activity.
altered
O18
This property associates an instance of S19 Encounter Event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been found.
has found object
O19
This property associates the activity of a Sample Taking with the type of the location part from which a sample was taken. It is a shortcut of the property O4 sampled at, and it is used as an alternative property, identifying features and material substantial as types of parts of sampling positions.
sampled from type of part
O20
This property associates an instance of S19 Encounter Event with an instance of E53 Place at which an encounter event found things. It identifies the narrower spatial location in which a thing was found at. This maybe known or given in absolute terms or relative to the thing found. It describes a position within the area in which the instance of the encounter event occurred and found something.
has found at
O21
This property identifies an S20 Physical Feature as being part of a S22 Segment of Matter. One S22 Segment of Matter usually contains several S20 Physical Features.
partly or completely contains
O22
This property identifies the E92 Spacetime Volume that defines a S22 Segment of Matter. The spatial boundaries of the E92 Spacetime Volume are defined through S4 Observation or declaration while the temporal boundaries are confined by S18 Alteration events.
is defined by
O23
This property associates an instance of S21 Measurement with the instance of S15 Observable Entity to which it applied. An instance of S15 Observable Entity may be measured more than once. Material and immaterial things and processes may be measured, e.g. the number of words in a text, or the duration of an event.
measured
O24
This property identifies a specific instance of F2 Expression used in order to carry out an instance of C1 Print publication event.
used specific expression
P1
This property describes the naming or identification of any real world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
is identified by
P1
Associates a physical human-made thing with the type which defines its identity
has type
P1
This property associates to the Temporal Entity the Actor (individual or group) that is member of a group
was a membership of
P1
This property expresses the generic notion of participation of a persistent item in a temporal entity, the fact that the persistent item takes part in the temporal entity or is affected by it. In an abstract perspective a temporal entity (be this a phenomenon in the geographical, social or intellectual space) is something happening in time and involving one or more persistent items.
This high level property has no direct instances but is useful to subsume all subproperties and descendant properties that play the same role in specific temporal entities.
In some cases, other temporal entities can also be associated (in the range position) using this property, e.g. events in the case of a participation. As a best practice, for the sake of unambiguity, the concerned or main temporal entity is always the domain and the participating is the range of this property (e.g. the participation of a person in an event is the domain and the event itself is the range).
involves
P1
The school, university or other institution at which a person has studied.
is study at
P1
This property allows a F3 Manifestation Product Type to be linked to the C1 Print publication event that created it. The publication of a print brings virtually into existence the bibliographic reference intented as the identifying appellation of the collection of all exemplars created according to this model, in one edition of a work, i.e. a F3 Manifestation Product Type.
created manifestation
P2
This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles !
As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the range class is an identity defining component of the domain class This means that the identity of the domain class instance depends on the associated range class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM.
E.g. in the case of a Birth – E67 there can be no discussion about the person which is P98 brought into life by a specific instance of a birth. A specific instance of a birth is always related to just one person (or a limited range of persons in the case of twins, triplets, etc.). A discussion (and therefore production of alternative property instances) can take place concerning the P97 from father property or the birth place, but never about the P98 brought into life property. This is necessary to allow data consistency in an information system and avoid considering e.g. the same birth instance as the birth of five different people which makes discussion impossible about the mother, father or birth place of one specific person.
This property has no direct instances but is used to specify the role of the instanciated subproperties as identifying properties for the domain temporal entity.
domain class has identity defining component
P2
Associates an Item (F5) with the type which defines its identity
has item type
P2
This property associates the person who studied.
is the study by
P2
This property associates the group concerned by the membership
was membership in
P2
This property allows sub typing of CRM entities - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
The CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CRM may by specialised into any number of sub entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E51 Contact Point, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL” etc. none of which figures explicitly in the CRM hierarchy. Sub typing obviously requires consistency between the meaning of the terms assigned and the more general intent of the CRM entity in question.
has type
P2
This property associates the publication with the author or authors of the printed expression, in the sense of the person(s) responsible for the intellectual content of the expression having been published. If one wishes to express more precise roles, one can use the sdh-so:C15 Participation class providing specific social qualities or roles to the actors.
Shortcut of: C1 Print publication event R19 created a realization of F1 Work R16 was initiated by F27 Work conception P14 carried out by E39 Actor P14.1 has role Author
published the work of
P3
This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CRM constructs.
In particular it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance etc. Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. “construction”, “decoration” etc. An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.
has note
P3
This property associates to the social event the person obtaining the degree or diploma
was obtained by
P3
Associates a digital object with the type which defines its identity
has digital object type
P3
Associates a membership with the type which defines its identity, making clear the kind of membership that is intended (legal, informal, simple association or full membership, etc.).
The type of membership should not be confused with the different roles that a person can take on during membership. These can be registered using the sdh-so:P63 has quality during membership property or the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class.
has membership type
P3
This property associates a sdh:C42 Intentional Event, happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the sdh:C27 Intentional Situation that has been effected or initiated by it. Different intentional events can contribute to the origin of the same instance of an intentional situation and one intentional event can produce several intentional situations.
effects
P3
This property associates the specific title (modelled as a Legan Individual) obtained by a person, not the general type of degree (e.g. bachelor)
is obtention of
P4
This property associates the person having the given occupation
is occupation of
P4
This property associates a sdh:C42 Intentional Event, happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the sdh:C27 Intentional Situation that it directly oder indirectly ends. Different intentional events can contribute to the end of the same instance of an intentional situation and one intentional event can end several intentional situations.
ends
P4
Associates an expression with the type which defines its identity
has expression type
P4
This property describes the temporal confinement of an instance of an E2 Temporal Entity.
The related E52 Time-Span is understood as the real Time-Span during which the phenomena were active, which make up the temporal entity instance. It does not convey any other meaning than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The Time-Span in turn is approximated by a set of dates (E61 Time Primitive). A temporal entity can have in reality only one Time-Span, but there may exist alternative opinions about it, which we would express by assigning multiple Time-Spans. Related temporal entities may share a Time-Span. Time-Spans may have completely unknown dates but other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge.
has time-span
P4
This property associates an expression portion with the expression it is part of.
In some cases, an expression portion can be a section of more then one expressions. E.g. a chapter of a novel can start at the end of manuscript A and continue at the beginning of manuscript B. The chapter will therefore be composed of a part of the whole expression carried by manuscript A and a part of the whole expression ciarried by manuscript. Therefore the maximum quantifier of the range class is n.
is part of
P4
Professor or other teacher who accompanies the research work and ensures that it complies with academic rules
has academic supervisor
P5
Associates an Expression portion with the type which defines its identity
has expression portion type
P5
This property describes the decomposition of an E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole - although the entire story may not be completely known – and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay
consists of
P5
Is the type of the time-related occupation of a person
is about
P5
Associates a manifestation product type with the type which defines its identity
has type of manifestation product type
P5
This property indicates that the domain temporal phenomenon is a part of the range temporal phenomenon, e.g. a simple event (domain) can be a component of a complex one (range), like a process.The two phenomena need not share the same substance, i.e. they need not belong to the same class. For example, the holding of a plan by a group (quality) may be part of a larger event or activity (perdurant). However, the temporal extent of the domain phenomenon must be within the temporal extent of the range phenomenon, or at least partially overlap. This property does not imply a notion of causality but simply of composition, in the broader sense, and can be specialized if necessary by more precise properties.
is part of
P5
Associates the geographical place where the whole activity takes place. If the place changes during the activity this property should not be used and different instances of sdh-so:C15 Epistemic Location of a Physical Thing should be produced, one per location and time span.
takes place at
P6
Associates to the prodedure step the components that have to be used
requires the use of
P6
This property associates the discipline taught. If more than one academinc discipline is associated with a teaching entity, the duration and place of teaching must be identical for all disciplines.
concerns
P6
This property specifies the geographical place where an instance of E4 Period happened.
took place at
P6
Associates a manifestation singleton with the type which defines its identity
has manifestation singleton type
P6
The organization within which the occupation is carried out, the person entrusting the occupation, etc. Use properties of properties to clarify, if necessary, the role of the organization or person entrusting the occupation.
on behalf of
P7
This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period.
The related E53 Place should be seen as an approximation of the geographical area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred. P7took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (generally on the surface of the earth). For example, the period "Révolution française" can be said to have taken place in “France”, the “Victorian” period, may be said to have taken place in “Britain” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and north America.A period can take place at multiple locations.It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place.
took place at
P7
This property associates an intention with the person or intentional collective that it characterises.
As time-indexed qualities of the intentional entities, intentions are inseparable from them and therefore the intentional entities associated by the property are identity defining for the intentional quality: each instance of an intentional quality belongs to an intentional entity instance
is intention of
P7
Defines the material of the component
has material
P7
This property associates the person performing the teaching
is carried out by
P7
This property associates a group with the type which defines its identity
has group type
P7
This property associates a teaching with the institution in which it is carried out.
carried out at
P8
This property associates an event to the quality that it effects or initiates. Different events can contribute to the origin of the same quality and one event can produce several qualities, in one or more entities.
effects
P8
Associates the volume of the component
has volume
P8
This property associates the persistent item to the right subjection it is concerned by
is subjection of
P8
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an E19 Physical Object. P8 took place on or within (witnessed) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156 occupies (is occupied by) to E18 Physical Thing.
It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.For example, the French and German armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11 November 1918.
took place on or within
P8
This property associates the rank or position that characterises the teacher during the teaching activity. If the rank changes, a new teaching activity should be created
has rank
P9
Associates the planned or foreseen duration.
has planned duration
P9
This property associates the actor or actors having the right over a given persistent item. If more then one actor is associated, this means they exercise their right on the same persistent item collectively and during the same period of time.
is right of
P9
This property associates an event to the quality that it directly oder indirectly ends. Different events can contribute to the end of the same quality and one event can end several qualities, in one or more entitites.
ends
P9
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the
phenomena that define the former. Therefore the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
consists of
P9
Associates an instance of sdh:C17 Construction with the instance of sdh:C18 Construction Type which defines its identity
has construction type
P9
This property associates the actor (person or group) participating in the event. Only one actor can be added per class instance.
is participation of
P10
Associates a duration with its time unit
has time unit
P10
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the
latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
falls within
P10
Associates the weight of the component
has weight
P10
This property associates an academic chair with the discipline(s) that its holder is supposed to teach
has as disciplinary area
P10
This high level property is parent or ancestor of all properties that are not time-indexed, i.e. not determined by a variable representing time. These relationships exist as such, in a categorical way and independently from the time flow.
All time-indexed properties should be expressed as a Temporal Entity – E2 using childs or descendants of the involves – histP1 property for associating Per instances participating in or related to the temporal entity.
time-independent entity association
P10
Associates a numeric dimension with its type (by analogy with the unit of measurement for distinguishing quantities having none).
has numeric dimension type
P11
This property associates the institution that awards the degree. This is usually a single institution but in some particular cases the same degree may be awarded jointly by two institutions, hence the open cardinality.
is delivered by
P11
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an E5 Event.
It connects the life-line of the related E39 Actor with the E53 Place and E50 Date of the event. The property implies that the Actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. The subject of a portrait can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.
had participant
P11
This property identifies the event to which the participation is related.
is participation in
P11
This property indicates the order in which the steps of a procedure are to be carried out.
shall be performed after
P11
This property associates the Appelation for language to the E1 CRM Entity that it identifies.
is appellation for language of
P11
This property associates the language for which the appellation is a valid identifier of an entity for a given time span
used in language
P12
Associates a lenght with its measurement unit
has measurement unit
P12
Associates a step (an action) with the type which defines its identity, usually in the form of a verb
has step type
P12
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It connects the history of a thing with the E53 Place and E50 Date of an event. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum on which a treaty was signed. The presence of an immaterial thing implies the presence of at least one of its carriers.
occurred in the presence of
P12
The function exercised or office/rank hold by the actor participating in the event. E.g. someone participating in an international conference not as a private person but as an ambassador of a state. More then one instance of this property per event and the same actor are possible but in this case the time span must be the same for all of them. Otherwise different instances of the class Participation should be created.
is participation in the quality of
P12
This property associates one or more disciplines learned during the study phase
is study of
P12
This property associates the geographical location (or locations) where the title was obtained. It is preferable to provide information on the institution that awarded the degree, but it may be useful to be able to associate the location directly.
is obtained at
P13
This property associates the Appelation for language to the E41 Appelation that refers to it.
refers to name
P13
This property associates a procedure with the type which defines its identity.
has procedure type
P13
This property associates the actor (person or group) concerned by the social quality
pertains to
P13
Associates a weight with its measurement unit
has measurement unit
P13
This property allows specific instances of E18 Physical Thing that have been destroyed to be related to a destruction event.Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. A destruction event may be contiguous with a Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object.
destroyed
P13
This property describes the active participation of an E39 Actor in an E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property allows the nature of an Actor’s participation to be specified.
carried out by
P14
Associates an area with its measurement unit
has measurement unit
P14
Modeled in a similar way as crm:P16 used specific object, this property specifies the tools, instruments, etc. to be used in a specific procedure step.
foresees the use of specific object
P14
Associates the considered social quality. The maximal cardinality is one for social qualities because each of them has to be associated to the actor separately. This is because no only each quality sould be considered individually, but the time span of each of them is usually different. Therefore it cannot be expressed in just one temporal entity instance
has social quality
P14
Associates Appellation for language – histC10 with the type which defines its identity
has appellation for language type
P14
Associates to the relationship the persons or groups involved in it.
Each relationship generally involves only two instances of one or more classes. Informal relationships like commercial relations or friendship should be restricted to two persistent items per instance. Therefore, the range quantifiers sould be: 2,2.
Relationships involving more than two partners could be used to express multi-lateral agreements, treaties, etc. although it is preferable to treat structured relationships between several entities as membership in a group. This is mandatory if the duration of the relationship is not the same for all partners.
involves partner
P15
Associates a volume with its measurement unit
has measurement unit
P15
This property associates the C15 Epistemic location with the concerned C13 Geographical place.
is location at
P15
This property associates the actor concerned by the role in relation to the expression
is role of
P15
This is a high level property, which captures the relationship between an E7 Activity and anything that may have had some bearing upon it.
The property has more specific sub properties.
was influenced by
P15
This property is used to provide the value of the distance between the located object and the physical thing provided as a reference
at distance
P16
This property associates a monetary amount with its currency and is equivalent to crm:P180 has currency as defined in CIDOC CRM version 6.2.9.
has currency
P16
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer.
An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer. Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.
used specific object
P16
This property associates a propositional object with an expression that contains it and asserts it
is asserted by
P16
Associates a social relationship with the type which defines its identity
has relationship type
P16
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from head quarters can start a military manoeuvre.
was motivated by
P17
This property associates the generic social quality that qualifies the actor in relation to the expression and as expressed by it, e.g. being the author, editor, etc.
is qualified by
P17
This property models components of physical objects that are not identified as individuals but just as types. It extends the crm:P46 is composed of property to more general situation where the identification of each part of a physical thing is not identified as such.
is composed of part of type
P17
This property identifies a crm:E18 Physical Thing localized at some place during the given time span of a C15 Epistemic Location.
is location of
P17
This property associates to the relationhips the actor being at its source, i.e. the starting vertex in a directed relationship
has relationship source
P17
This property associates to the relationhips the actor being its target, i.e. the vertex at the end of a directed relationship
has relationship target
P18
This is an abstract property – do not use it in profiles !
As a high level meta-property the present property expresses the fact that the domain class is an identity defining component of the range class. This means that the identity of the range class instance depends on the associated domain class instance and no alternative instances are allowed for this property against the general rule of CIDOC CRM.
This property is used to characterize subproperties of it. It should be replaced by a property of property associating the concerned property with the boolean value True/False.
is identifying component of range class
P18
This property associates the resources concerned by the identification
is identification of
P18
This property associates the specific social role or function that defines the precise role of the actor in the content of the expression, e.g. being the author of a letter in the role of a king''s ambassador
is in the role of
P18
Associates the validity temporal quality to the identifier
is valid identifier of
P18
This property associates an activity with the type which defines its identity.
has activity type
P19
This property associates a bibliographic citation to a manifestation product type that it identifies. Insofar as different styles and forms of citation are possible, more then one citation can be profided to identify the same resource.
has style
P19
Associates the string defining the identity of the identifier
has identifier type
P19
Associates a location with the type which defines its identity, i.e. the intended social or epistemic location
has location type
P19
A social role is often defined in relation to a group in order to characterise its members or entities involved in the life of the group or the plans that constitute it.
is defined in relation to
P19
This property relates an E7 Activity with objects created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).
was intended use of
P19
Associates a geographical place with its kind, i.e. the general type that defines its identity.
This kind is rigid i.e. it provides the identity of the place, and therefore cannot change during its whole life. E.g. a settlement cannot become a natural region without changing its identity. Generally used identified types are: natural area (field, wood, desert); built area (settlement, airport); territory (the geographical area controlled by a State, an administrative region); [general term for] road, square; bed of river, lake, sea; elevation (mountain, hill).
More specific types, that can evolve during the life of the object, are associated to the geographical place using the sdh:C48 Geographical Place Classification class.
has geographical place kind
P20
This property associates an entity, identified in the domain information system, with a persistent identifier provided for the same resource (be this physical or conceptual) in an external namespace i.e. in a different information system in which the entity receives an identifier (range of the property).
The nature of the external identifier (database primary key, authority file number, etc.) will be provided using specific types. In case of URIs, in the sense of the Semantic Web, the subproperty crm-sup:P28 same as URI [owl:sameAs] is to be preferred.
same as external identifier
P20
This property identifies the relationship between a preparatory activity and the event it is intended to be preparation for.
This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events.
P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that an activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, one may document the unrealized intention using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of):E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure.
had specific purpose
P20
This property associates a series and a monograph published as a volume within that series, or a periodical and one of its regular issues.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from F18 Serial Work through R10 has member (is member of), F19 Publication Work R23i was realised through (created a realisation) F30 Publication Event CLR6i should be carried by (should carry) to F3 Manifestation Product Type.
has issue
P20
This property associates the two (always two) instances of E21 Person participating to the C9 Union.
had partner
P20
This property associates one or more actors (persons or groups) who intentionally perform the dedication. The same dedication can have have one (in general cases) or many dedicators
effects dedication
P21
This property associates the type that connotates the concerned entity.
is connotated by
P21
This property (a data property in OWL) provides the symbolic content, i.e. the string, to the appellation class
has value
P21
This property associates a sdh:C18 Persons'' Interaction with the sdh:C10 Type of Interaction which defines its identity.
has type of interaction
P21
This property describes an intentional relationship between an E7 Activity and some general goal or purpose.
This may involve activities intended as preparation for some type of activity or event. P21had general purpose (was purpose of) differs from P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) in that no occurrence of an event is implied as the purpose.
had general purpose
P21
This property identifies the E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired, without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting or fishing.
In reality the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.
transferred title to
P22
This property models the biological origin of a birth from the physical union of the parents. This is the common scenario. For more specific situations, like adoption or artificial procreation, a more suitable model should be applied.
stemmed from
P22
This property associates to the dedication the persistent item (physical or symbolic) that is object of the dedication. One or more persistent items can be concerned by the same dedication but this has to be consistent, i.e. the same intentional event, especially regarding the other associated entities (dedicator, dedicatee) and the moment in time.
has dedicatory object
P22
This property associates to an entity a quantifiable quality of it. A quality being inherent in an instance, the domain cardinality is accordingly defined as 1,1 ; not all entities having necessarily quantifiable qualities, and virtually multiple, ther range is defined as 0,n.
has quantifiable quality
P22
This property associates a person with their gender. This is a shortcut for the longer path through sdh-so:C1 Social Perception an Actor expressing the evolving perception of the gender of an individual over time (as subclass of sdh:C30 Connotation). The quantifier on the gender side is open to allow the documentation of different genders, even if it is without temporality.
has gender
P23
Associates a Quantifiable Entity Quality with the type which defines its identity.
has quality type
P23
Dedicatee/Receiver
This property associates to the dedication the dedicatee or receiver to whom it is addressed.This must be a person or group or persons. Concerning a divinity or similar the property sdh-int:P24 has conceptual dedicatee be used.
One or more dedicatees can be concerned by the same dedication but this has to be consistent, i.e. the same intentional event, especially regarding the other associated entities (dedicator, dedicated object) and the moment in time.
has dedicatee
P23
This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who relinquish legal ownership as the result of an E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically be used to describe a person donating or selling an object to a museum. In reality title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.
transferred title from
P23
This property identifies the E18 Physical Thing or things involved in an E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.
transferred title of
P24
This property associates the event that is situated at the beginning of the existence of a persistent item. The starting event can be a simple or complex one and the quantifier correspondingly restricted to one.
life was initiated by
P24
This property associates to the dedication the dedicatee or receiver to whom it is addressed.This must be an absract individual, e.g. a divinity. Concerning a person or group the property sdh-int:P23 has dedicatee (is dedicatee of) must be used.
One or more conceptual dedicatees can be concerned by the same dedication but this has to be consistent, i.e. the same intentional event, especially regarding the other associated entities (dedicator, dedicated object) and the moment in time.
has conceptual dedicatee
P24
This property associates a person to the geographical region or place he/she comes from, in the sense of unspecified origin. If this place or region is the place where the person was born, it would be preferable to use a E67 Birth event
has its origins in
P24
This property associates the legal conceptual object that was created in the context of the given custom or law
is legal creation of
P25
Associates a dimension with the type which defines its identity
has dimension kind
P25
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by a move event. A move must concern at least one object.
The property implies the object''s passive participation. For example, Monet''s painting "Impression sunrise" was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
moved
P25
This property associates the event which is generally considered as the event endig the existence of a persistent item.
life was terminated by
P25
This property associates the beneficiary or beneficiaries of the dedication action for which the object was offered.
One or more beneficiaries can be concerned by the same dedication but this has to be consistent, i.e. the same intentional event, especially regarding the other associated entities (dedicator, dedicatee, dedicated object) and the moment in time.
has beneficiary
P25
This property identifies a destination of a E9 Move.
A move will be linked to a destination, such as the move of an artefact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many terminal instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes a distribution of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).Therefore the described destination is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.
moved to
P26
This property associates a time primitive with an expression that contains it and asserts it
has datation value
P26
Associates an information object with the type which defines its identity
has information object type
P26
This property associates the physical thing to its life as the collection of events in the physical world it is involved in during its existence.
is life of
P26
This property associates a person or group to the embodiment of social actor, i.e. the fact of acting in the quality and virtue of being the human actor who realises a social actor, an abstract individual possessing more or less clearly defined rights and duties.
is embodiment by
P26
This property identifies a starting E53 Place of an E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artefact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).Therefore the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.
moved from
P27
This property associates the main physical entity concerned by the composition, i. e. the one that has one or more parts.
belongs to
P27
This property associates a performance with the type which defines its identity
has performance type
P27
Associates an Asserted Datation with the type which defines its identity
has datation type
P27
This property associates an entity with a characterization that integrates it into a tradition, custom or law.
is integration of
P27
This property associates the part of a physical thing that composes it during a given time-span
has part
P28
This property associates the custom or law that integrates (i.e. defines or connotates) the entity under consideration.
is integration into
P28
This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an E10 Transfer of Custody activity.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily – through accident, loss or theft.In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.
custody surrendered by
P28
This property identifies the starting instance of sdh:C13 Geographical Place of an instance of sdh-int:C15 Planned Move.
A planned move will be linked to an origin, such as a planned voyage from Southampton to New York.
planned move from
P28
This property is equivalent to the owl:sameAs property: it associates an entity in an information system with the URI that the same entity or resource has in another namespace (e.g. VIAF, IdRef, DBPedia, Wikidata) , in the context of the Semantic Web.
same as URI [owl:sameAs]
P28
Associates an usewith the type which defines its identity
has use type
P29
This property identifies the destination, instance of sdh:C13 Geographical Place, of an instance of sdh-int:C15 Planned Move.
A planned move will be linked to a destination, such as a planned voyage from Southampton to New York.
planned move to
P29
Associates a move with the type which defines its identity
has move identifying type
P29
This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an E10 Transfer of Custody activity.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally – through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.
custody received by
P29
Associates a right holding to the type which defines its identity.
has holding of a right type
P29
This property documents the dimension (in the sense of any quantifiable quantity) of a quantifiable component of a propositional object.
has component dimension
P30
This property associates to the custom or law to its temporal quality or validity time-span in collective intentionality.
is validity of
P30
Associates the intentional entity using the persistent item. The intended use of an entity is specific to an intentional entity, and this is identity-defining for this entity, which means that the maximum cardinality of this property is one.
If the intentional entity is omitted it has to be derived by the context but, if possible, it would be preferable to explicitly add it.
is use by
P30
This property identifies an item or items of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an E10 Transfer of Custody activity.
The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an E39 Actor to another Actor’s custody. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally – through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
transferred custody of
P30
This property associates an instance of S4 Observation with the instancean Observed Entity Type, i.e. a type classifying the value assigned to an entity observed by S4 Observation.
observed entity type
P30
This property associates the object with is subject to the right or obligation.
realizes
P31
This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing modified in an E11 Modification.
If a modification is applied to a non-man-made object, it is regarded as an E22 Man-Made Object from that time onwards.
has modified
P31
This property associates a propositional object defining the purpose of the use
has purpose
P31
This property associates a quantifiable component with the type that defines its identity.
has quantifiable component type
P31
This property allows sub typing of frbroo:F18 Serial Work instances - a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
has serial work type
P31
Associates a C17 Right or obligation instance with the type which defines its identity.
has custom or law type
P32
This property associates the persistent item that is the object of the used. As an identifying property, the maximum cardinality is one, the use concerning just one object.
is use of
P32
This property identifies the technique or method that was employed in an activity.These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure. This property identifies the technique that was employed in an act of modification.
used general technique
P32
This property associates a situation to one ore more related events that are interpreted by the situation.
interprets
P33
This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it.
The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition.
Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building.
used specific technique
P33
This property associates the social role of an actor, understood as a time-indexed quality of it, with the instance of the Social Actor class, i.e. with the abstract individual that the actor (as group or person) embodies.
is embodiment of
P33
This property models the fact that an actor participates in an event on behalf of another actor, be this for representing him or for other reasons. One can represent more then one actor in one and the same event, but in this case the time-span of the representation must be the same for all represented actors. Otherwise, several instances of participation should be produced.
is participation on behalf of
P34
This property associates an intention with the propositional objet which represents its content and associates the intention, following the path through the crm:P129 is about property, to the entity it is about.
In order to highlight the identity of the instances of this class, an in particular to preserve their unity of time and object, this property is considered as identity defining for an instance of the sdh:C27 Intention class Intention and the maximal quantifier of its range (i.e. the propositional content of the intention) limited to one.
has content
P34
This property identifies the E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an E14 Condition Assessment activity.Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant.
concerned
P34
This property identifies the E3 Condition State that was observed in an E14 Condition Assessment activity.
has identified
P35
Associates a social quality (temporal entity) with the type which defines its identity
is defined by
P35
This property associates to a quantifiable quality the dimension of it.
has quality dimension
P35
This property associates the social event to the spatio-temporal, physical event in which the social event (defined in human collective intentionality but not physical space) happens.
pertains to
P36
A crm:E4 Period is a set "of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space". This property associates to an intentional collective, i.e. a cluster of persons who share the same intentionality, skills or practices, all the events and social/cultural phenomena in which they participated or participate today.
has manifestation in
P36
This property associates to the personal skill the know-how it concerns, i.e. it is about and more or less efficiently realizes.
concerns
P37
Associates the legal quality of an actor to the temporal validity of it
involves legal quality
P37
This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an Identifier Assignment activity.The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.An Identifier might be created prior to an assignment.
assigned
P37
This property associates the person with the skill he/she has. A skill being modelled as a quality of a person, it must be retated to one and just one person.
has skill
P38
This property records the identifier that was deassigned from an instance of E1 CRM Entity.Deassignment of an identifier may be necessary when an item is taken out of an inventory, a new numbering system is introduced or items are merged or split up.The same identifier may be deassigned on more than one occasion.
deassigned
P38
Associates a type to a legal connotation.
has legal connotation type
P38
This property associates to the connotation the entity that is integrated into the concerned representations, i.e. that receives a new connotation and becomes part of them, and in this way acquires a specific intentional quality.
This property is a shortcut to the longer path : sdh:C30 Connotation -> sdh:P34 has content -> crm:E89 Propositional Object -> crm:P129 is about -> crm:E1 CRM Entity.
is connotation of
P39
This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E1 CRM Entity to which it applied. An instance of
E1 CRM Entity may be measured more than once. Material and immaterial things and processes may be measured, e.g. the number of words in a
text, or the duration of an event.
measured
P39
Associates a legal quality to the type that classifies it.
has type
P39
This property associates the geographical domain of validity of a law, custom, right or obligation
is valid in
P40
This property associates a particular intention, be this a state of mind or intentional event, to the representations of an individual intentional entity that are the context of the propositional content of the intention. Generally these representations are shared with the intentional collective or portion of society this individual lives in and is socialized into.
The same intentional content can be related to different representational contexts. Therefore the n to n quantification of this property.
has context
P40
This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event.E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object.Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant.Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made.
observed dimension
P40
This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity.Any instance of a CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41 classified (was classified), E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned (was assigned by) to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).
classified
P41
This property associates the two or more persons involved in the interaction. If more than two persons are involved in one instance of an interaction, e.g. in the case of a meeting, there must be a unity in time and space for all the participants. If a person joins the interaction at a later moment than the beginning, or leaves before the end, the C15 Participation class can be used.
is interaction of
P41
Associates a hist:C2 Intentional Situation with the type which defines its identity.
has intentional situation type
P41
This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity.Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41 classified (was classified by), E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned (was assigned by) to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B.A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it.
assigned
P42
Associates a crm:E55 Type instance to the representations that define it, or in the context of which it was defined. This property expresses an atemporal fact, i.e. the origin of the type. In orde to express the fact that a type is integrated during a given time-span into representations, the sdh:C8 Intentional Composition class shall be used.
is defined by
P42
Intentionality, be this static (state of mind) or active (intentional event), is a quality of the mind of one or more intentional entities. Insofar as these, as carriers of intentionality, are situated and live in a spatio-temporal context there''s always a projection of intentionality in spatio-temporal events (crm:E5 Event class). This property thus associates a state of mind or, more frequently, an intentional event happening in the mind of one or more persons, with the spatio-temporal phenomena in the context of which these take place or occur.
has setting
P43
This property associates the persistent item (an actor, a physical thing, a symbol, etc.) that acquires a legal quality.
is acquisition by
P43
This property records a E54 Dimension of some E70 Thing.It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E70 Thing through P39 measured (was measured by), E16 Measurement P40 observed dimension (was observed in) to E54 Dimension. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.
has dimension
P43
This property associates the legal quality acquired by a given actor
is acquisition of
P44
This property associates a state of mind with its intentional type or psychological attitude (belief, desire, etc.)
has intentional type
P44
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
It is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34 concerned (was assessed by), E14 Condition Assessment P35 has identified (was identified by) to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of Condition State is specific to an instance of Physical Thing.
has condition
P44
This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different Materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed Material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A Material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances
consists of
P45
This property associates the individual or group who delivers the legal quality. One or more actors may be involved in conferring a legal quality to another actor. However, it is preferable to associate only the main actors with this property. For more specific cases, or if one wants to specify the roles of the different actors, it is preferable to use more specialized classes or classes modelling the specific participation of an actor in the event.
issued by
P45
This property is a shortcut of longer paths involving phenomena in time and space (subclasses of crm:E5 Event) that are the setting of the intentional event and are themselves localized in geographical space. The geographical place associated to the intantional event corresponds to its maximal extention in space during its whole time-span. If different locations at different times of the same intentional event are part of the information, one should produce different crm:E5 Event (or subclasses) as settings of the same intentional event. They will provide the different geographical locations of the intentional event.
NO LABEL FOUND
P45
This property allows instances of E18 Physical Thing to be analysed into component elements.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Material of which an item of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
is composed of
P46
This property associates a physical location with the concept (as type) that explains the motive of the location
has location reason
P46
Associates as Actor''s Legal Quality Acquisition instance with the type which defines its identity.
has legal quality acquisition type
P46
This property associates a legal conceptual object with one or more laws or customs that create it.
is created in
P47
Associates an event (crm:E5) with the type which defines its identity
has event type
P47
This property associates the address, building or other construction that represents the socially acknowledged location of an actor
has specific location
P48
This property associates an intentional expression with a type that identifies its identity.
has intentional expression identifying type
P48
This property records the preferred E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.
More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time. Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CRM instance.
P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of), is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by), E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned (was assigned by) to E42 Identifier. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.
has preferred identifier
P48
This property associates the plan or design that is held by a person or shared by the group
is about
P49
This property associates the geographical location which represents, in a generic way, the socially acknowledged location of an actor
has location
P49
This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who have or have had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.
P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30 transferred custody of (custody transferred through), E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through) or P29 custody received by (received custody through) to E39 Actor.
has former or current keeper
P49
This property associates an intentional entity with its quality of holding a plan for a given period of time. A plan can be held by just a single person or shared by several persons or even groups. The fact that a person shares a plan makes it belong to an intentional collective (e.g. the crowd that wanted to storm the Capitol to prevent the validation of the presidential election in January 2021), or to a group if the sharing is made more explicit or formalized.
Alongside the definition of the principles defining the criteria of belonging to a group, allowing thus to identify the group''s individual members, the fact of sharing one or more plans is constitutive of a group insofar as it provides the foundation of its collective action.
is the plan of
P50
This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30 transferred custody of (custody transferred through), E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by (received custody through) to E39 Actor.
has current keeper
P50
This property associates a type to an instance of the a Social Role class in order to specify its identity
has social role type
P50
This property associates an entity with the intentional collection it belongs to, i.e. with the type or class that classfies this entity in the perspective of a person or intentional collective.
is interpretation of
P51
This property associates a type that provides a specific identity to the given instance of the sdh-so:C28 Legal Location of an Actor class.
has legal location type
P51
This property identifies the E39 Actor that is or has been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current. P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through), E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through), or P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) to E39 Actor.
has former or current owner
P51
This property associates the C15 Epistemic location with the sdh:C17 Construction that provides the location.
is location in or on
P52
This property identifies the E21 Person, E74 Group or E40 Legal Body that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through), E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.
has current owner
P52
This property associates the persistent item that is provided with a legal quality in the context of specific social representations, i.e. that receives a new legal connotation valid for the society or portion of it sharing the concerned representations.
is legal connotation of
P52
This property allows an instance of E53 Place to be associated as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
In the case of E19 Physical Objects, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the Physical Object was located at this Place, nor if this is the current location.
In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation.P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of) is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object through P25 moved (moved by), E9 Move, P26 moved to (was destination of) or P27 moved from (was origin of) to E53 Place.
has former or current location
P53
This property associates the entity that is considered as being part of another entity during a given time-span
has intentional component
P53
This property associates the legal connotation with a group that represents the context in which the legal quality is realized by or associated to the persisten item.
is in relation to
P53
This property associates the main entity concerned by the composition, i. e. the one that has one or more components.
is intentional component of
P54
This property associates a legal quality to the custom or law defining it. This association provides the context of validity of the quality (as type) and can associate more then one law for complex qualities. The moment of the creation of the legal quality can be captured using the sdh-so:C16 Legal Conceptual Object Creation class.
The temporal existence of the quality, as expressed by this property, is related to the whole duration of the being in force of the traditions, customs or laws defining it. If the duration of validity of the quality is shorter than the whole duration of the considered custom(s) or law(s) then the sdh-so:C19 Legal Integration class should be used to express the fact that a quality stopped to be integrated in the law, and therefore was not any more in force.
is defined by
P54
This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.
has current permanent location
P54
This property associates an occupation with the domain of activity it belongs to, i.e. with the activity type that classifies the occupation.
belongs to activity domain
P55
This property associates the physical thingh kept in the collection
is about
P55
This property records the location of an E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the E53 Place associated with the E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the Object has been at the current location.P55 has current location (currently holds) is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object through P25 moved (moved by), E9 Move P26 moved to (was destination of) to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent.
has current location
P55
This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears.An E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An E27 Site should be considered as an E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth.An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i found on the same E19 Physical Object as A.P56 bears feature (is found on) is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object through P59 has section (is located on or Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model 149 within), E53 Place, P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of) to E26 Physical Feature.
bears feature
P56
This property associates the collection in which the physical thing is kept
belongs to
P56
This property associates the group or organisation within which the social role embodiment is carried out.
carried out in the context of
P56
This property documents the E60 Number of parts of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.
has number of parts
P57
This property associates the sdh:C41 Relative Location with the crm:E18 Physical Thing that provides the location of the object.
is inside or relative to
P57
This property associates the event to which the actor is associated in the intentionality of observers.
is quality in relation to
P57
This property links an area (section) named by a E46 Section Definition to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found.
The CRM handles sections as locations (instances of E53 Place) within or on E18 Physical Thing that are identified by E46 Section Definitions. Sections need not be discrete and separable components or parts of an object.
This is part of a more developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P58, E46 Section Definition, P87 is identified by (identifies) that allows a more precise definition of a location found on an object than the shortcut P59 has section (is located on or within).A particular instance of a Section Definition only applies to one instance of Physical Thing.
has section definition
P58
This property associates the social quality qualifying an actor in the context of a spatio-temporal or intentional event.
is about
P58
Associates a relative location with the type which defines its identity, i.e. inclusion, proximity, presence in, etc.
has relative location type
P58
This property associates the quality to the physical thing it is inherent to.
is quality of
P59
This property associates the actor to which the quality is associated in intentionality
is quality of
P59
This property links an area to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found.
It is typically used when a named E46 Section Definition is not appropriate. E18 Physical Thing may be subdivided into arbitrary regions.
P59 has section (is located on or within) is a shortcut. If the E53 Place is identified by a Section Definition, a more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E18 Physical Thing through P58 has section definition (defines section), E46 Section Definition, P87 is identified by (identifies) to E53 Place. A Place can only be located on or within one Physical Object.
has section
P59
This property associates the intentional event to which the actor is associated in the intentionality of observers.
is quality in relation to intentional event
P60
This property associates the physical thing (a geographical place, a hole, a building, etc.) inside or on which the displaced physical object was present before the displacement
moved from
P60
This property models the fact that the quality of an actor in relation to an event is exercices under the mandated of another actor
is quality on behalf of
P61
This property associates the physical thing (a geographical place, a hole, a building, etc.) inside or on which the displaced physical object landed at the end of the displacement
moved to
P61
This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that the surface of the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing shows, through its passive optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. It does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined.
depicts
P62
This property associates the physical thing that is displaced.
In general, the displacement concerns physical objects but tha adopted generic approach, associating the crm:E18 Physical Thing class, also enables to handle the displacement of instances of the crm:E26 Physical Feature class.
displaces
P62
This property associates the legal quality acquisition with a person or, more frequently, group that represents the context in relation to which the legal quality is realized by persisten item.
is in relation to
P62
This class comprises the social quality or role of an actor while belonging to a group. It is possible to have more than one quality or role per membership. In the case of institutional functions with different time spans, the sdh-so:C13 Social Role Embodiment class should be preferred to capture the evolution in time of a person''s functions in a group.
has quality during membership
P63
This property associates an entity with a preferred type which expresses its basic or original identity.
Unlike the crm:P2 has type property the range maximal quantity is restricted to one. Additional types can be added using other typing properties or the classification class.
Identifying typs, i.e. types that define the identity of the typed entites and cannot be changed during the whole entity existence should be expressend using the sdh:P67 has kind (is kind of) → sdh:C50 Kind construct.
has preferred type
P63
This property associates the geographical place type that classifies the concerned place at a given time or time-spane
classifies with
P64
Associates the participation with a type that provides its identity
has type of participation
P64
This property associates an instance of C99 Epistemic Phase of a Physical Thing with the instance of E18 Physical Thing it is related to.
is phase of
P65
This property documents an E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an item of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent.
E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent. For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the ''Maltese Cross'' or the ''copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).
shows visual item
P65
This property associates an instance of sdh-so:C39 Participation Relation and the type that provides a specific identity of that relation, an instance of sdh-so:C40 Participation Relation Type.
has participation relation type
P65
This property associates an instance of sdh-so:C39 Participation Relation with the propositional object (an instance of sdh-so:C41 Role in Participation Relation) that describes the role of the participant within this relation. The Social Role itself is linked to that instance of sdh-so:C41 Role in Participation Relation
is participation relation of
P66
This property associates an instance of sdh:C4 Physical Human-Made Thing Type with an instance of C52 Physical Set
was or is composed of object of type
P66
This property documents that an E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the E89 Propositional Object.
refers to
P67
This property associates a participation with the role of the participant in a specific participation relationship. A participation can have multiple roles, but a role is only linked to a specific participation.
has participation relation role
P67
This property associates a class with a controlled vocabulary used to identify more precisely its instances without needing to create further sub-classes.
has kind
P67
This property identifies an E57 Material foreseeen to be used by an E29 Design or Procedure.
E29 Designs and procedures commonly foresee the use of particular E57 Materials. The fabrication of adobe bricks, for example, requires straw, clay and water. This property enables this to be documented.
This property is not intended for the documentation of E57 Materials that were used on a particular occasion when an instance of E29 Design or Procedure was executed.
foresees use of
P68
This property links the participation role of a participant in an event, to the role itself, documented with a controlled vocabulary.
has role quality
P68
This property associates the classification to the geographical place that it concerns.
classifies
P68
This property attaches legal qualities to the political or administrative entity in the context of which they are defined and valid.
is defined in the context of
P69
This property expresses a contextual relationship between types, where the source one is defined or derives its meaning from the second. For example, a type of participation is defined and makes sense in relation to a type of event.
Given the mechanism of inheritance, this property can apply to social roles in relation to different contexts, etc. For this reason, the cardinality is many to many, allowing different types to be used in different contexts.
is defined in relation to
P69
This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type.The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc.The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures.
has association with
P69
This property expresses the fact that the entity or instance in the property domain is considered to refer the same resource in the world as the instance referred to in the property''s range but they belong to two different, not owl:equivalent classes.
same resource in the world as
P70
This property describes the CRM Entities documented by instances of E31 Document.
Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CRM hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as being of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense.
documents
P70
This property documents a source E32 Authority Document for an instance of an E1 CRM Entity.
lists
P71
This property states that the entity in the domain position is possibly the same as the one in the range of the property, inside the same information system, and that they belong to the same class. This means these entities could potentially be duplicates but they are kept distinct because of this uncertainty.
To document that two entities are the same and that they should be merged, it is necessary to use instead the property P13 should be merged with (should be preferred to).
could be the same entity as
P71
This property associates an instance of C22 Physical Man-Made Thing with an instance of C55 Physical Human-Made Thing Classification that classifies it.
classifies
P72
This property describes the E56 Language of an E33 Linguistic Object.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human Languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.
has language
P72
This property associates an instance of Physical Man-made Thing Type that classifies the concerned Physical Man-Made Thing with an instance of C55 Physical Human-Made Thing Classification.
classifies with
P73
This property describes the source and target of instances of E33Linguistic Object involved in a translation.
When a Linguistic Object is translated into a new language it becomes a new Linguistic Object, despite being conceptually similar to the source object.
has translation
P73
This property describes the current or former E53 Place of residence of an E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the Place where the Actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.
has current or former residence
P74
This property associates an epistemic situation with the type which defines its identity
has epistemic situation preferred type
P74
This property associates a quality with the period, as a spatio-temporal phenomenon, to which it is inherent.
is quantifiable quality of
P75
This property identifies former or current instances of E30 Rights held by an E39 Actor.
possesses
P75
This property identifies an E51 Contact Point of any type that provides access to an E39 Actor by any communication method, such
as e-mail or fax.
has contact point
P76
This property associates a quality with the epistemic situation to which it is inherent.
is quantifiable quality of
P76
This property associates the epistemic situation to which the involvment is related.
is involvement in
P77
This property associates an involvement in an epistemic situation with the type which defines its identity
has involvement type
P78
This property identifies an E52 Time-Span using an E49Time Appellation.
is identified by
P78
This property associates one and only one persistent item that is involved in an epistemic situation. Only one persistent item can be added per class instance.
is involvement of
P79
This property qualifies the beginning of an E52 Time-Span in some way.
The nature of the qualification may be certainty, precision, source etc.
beginning is qualified by
P79
This property describes the node that the link is transmitted from or to.
is linked to
P80
This property qualifies the end of an E52 Time-Span in some way.
The nature of the qualification may be certainty, precision, source etc.
end is qualified by
P80
This property describes the minimum period of time covered by an E52 Time-Span.
Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s minimum temporal extent (i.e. its inner boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed.
ongoing throughout
P81
The property connects an instance of C62 Link with the class C63 Link Type that defines its type.
has link type
P81
This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls.
Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e. its outer boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed.
at some time within
P82
pending
classifies
P82
This property describes the minimum length of time covered by an E52 Time-Span.
It allows an E52 Time-Span to be associated with an E54 Dimension representing it’s minimum duration (i.e. it’s inner boundary) independent from the actual beginning and end.
had at least duration
P83
pending
classifies with
P83
This property describes the maximum length of time covered by an E52 Time-Span.
It allows an E52 Time-Span to be associated with an E54 Dimension representing it’s maximum duration (i.e. it’s outer boundary) independent from the actual beginning and end.
had at most duration
P84
This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span.
This property supports the notion that a Time-Span’s temporal extent falls within the temporal extent of another Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of Time-Span is implied.
falls within
P86
This property identifies an E53 Place using an E44 Place Appellation.
Examples of Place Appellations used to identify Places include instances of E48 Place Name, addresses, E47 Spatial Coordinates etc.
is identified by
P87
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another E53 Place.
It addresses spatial containment only, and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places.
falls within
P89
This property allows an E54 Dimension to be approximated by an E60 Number primitive.
has value
P90
This property shows the type of unit an E54 Dimension was expressed in.
has unit
P91
This property allows an E63 Beginning of Existence event to be linked to the E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any Persistent Item being documented i.e. E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, E51 Contact Point and E55 Type
brought into existence
P92
This property allows an E64 End of Existence event to be linked to the E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.In the case of immaterial things, the E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.This allows an “end” to be attached to any Persistent Item being documented i.e. E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, E51 Contact Point and E55 Type. For many Persistent Items we know the maximum life-span and can infer, that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.
took out of existence
P93
This property allows a conceptual E65 Creation to be linked to the E28 Conceptual Object created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.
has created
P94
This property links the founding or E66 Formation for an E74 Group with the Group itself.
has formed
P95
This property links an E67 Birth event to an E21 Person as a participant in the role of birth-giving mother.Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The Person being born is linked to the Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. This is a sub-property of P11 had participant (participated in).
by mother
P96
This property links an E67 Birth event to an E21 Person in the role of biological father.
Note that biological fathers are not seen as necessary participants in the Birth, whereas birth-giving mothers are (see P96 by mother (gave birth)). The Person being born is linked to the Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born).
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.A Birth event is normally (but not always) associated with one biological father.
from father
P97
This property links an E67Birth event to an E21 Person in the role of offspring.
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same Birth event. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.
brought into life
P98
This property links the disbanding or E68 Dissolution of an E74 Group to the Group itself.
dissolved
P99
This property property links an E69 Death event to the E21 Person that died.
A Death event may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people.
was death of
P100
This property links an instance of E70 Thing to an E55 Type of usage.
It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial, and general methods and techniques of use to be documented. Thus it can be asserted that a baseball bat had a general use for sport and a specific use for threatening people during the Great Train Robbery.
had as general use
P101
This property describes the E35 Title applied to an instance of E71 Man-Made Thing. The E55 Type of Title is assigned in a sub property.
The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the Title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the Title was a given Title, a supplied Title etc.It allows any man-made material or immaterial thing to be given a Title. It is possible to imagine a Title being created without a specific object in mind.
has title
P102
This property links an instance of E71 Man-Made Thing to an E55 Type of usage.
It creates a property between specific man-made things, both physical and immaterial, to Types of intended methods and techniques of use. Note: A link between specific man-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).
was intended for
P103
This property links a particular E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject.
The Right is held by an E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).
is subject to
P104
This property identifies the E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object.
P105 right held by (has right on) is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object through P104 is subject to (applies to), E30 Right, P75 possesses (is possessed by) to E39 Actor.
right held by
P105
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic
Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.
is composed of
P106
This property relates an E39 Actor to the E74 Group of which that E39 Actor is a member.
Groups, Legal Bodies and Persons, may all be members of Groups. A Group necessarily consists of more than one member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group through P144 joined with (gained member by), E85 Joining, P143 joined (was joined by) to E39 ActorThe property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.
has current or former member
P107
This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of an E12 Production.
The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.
has produced
P108
This property identifies the E39 Actor or Actors who assume or have assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an E78 Collection.
It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an Event initiating a curator being responsible for a Collection.
has current or former curator
P109
This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that is added to (augmented) in an E79 Part Addition.
Although a Part Addition event normally concerns only one item of Physical Man-Made Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.
augmented
P110
This property identifies the E18 Physical Thing that is added during an E79 Part Addition activity
added
P111
This property identifies the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that was diminished by E80 Part Removal.
Although a Part removal activity normally concerns only one item of Physical Man-Made Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single Part Removal activity.
diminished
P112
This property identifies the E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an E80 Part Removal activity.
removed
P113
This symmetric property allows the instances of E2 Temporal Entity with the same E52 Time-Span to be equated.This property is only necessary if the time span is unknown (otherwise the equivalence can be calculated).
This property is the same as the "equal" relationship of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
is equal in time to
P114
This property allows the ending point for a E2 Temporal Entity to be situated by reference to the ending point of another temporal entity of longer duration.
This property is only necessary if the time span is unknown (otherwise the relationship can be calculated). This property is the same as the "finishes / finished-by" relationships of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
finishes
P115
This property allows the starting point for a E2 Temporal Entity to be situated by reference to the starting point of another temporal entity of longer duration.
This property is only necessary if the time span is unknown (otherwise the relationship can be calculated). This property is the same as the "starts / started-by" relationships of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
starts
P116
This property allows the entire E52 Time-Span of an E2 Temporal Entity to be situated within the Time-Span of another temporal entity that starts before and ends after the included temporal entity.
This property is only necessary if the time span is unknown (otherwise the relationship can be calculated). This property is the same as the "during / includes" relationships of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
occurs during
P117
This property identifies an overlap between the instances of E52 Time-Span of two instances of E2 Temporal Entity.
It implies a temporal order between the two entities: if A overlaps in time B, then A must start before B, and B must end after A. This property is only necessary if the relevant time spans are unknown (otherwise the relationship can be calculated).
This property is the same as the "overlaps / overlapped-by" relationships of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
overlaps in time with
P118
This property indicates that one E2 Temporal Entity immediately follows another.
It implies a particular order between the two entities: if A meets in time with B, then A must precede B.
This property is only necessary if the relevant time spans are unknown (otherwise the relationship can be calculated). This property is the same as the "meets / met-by" relationships of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
meets in time with
P119
This property identifies the relative chronological sequence of two temporal entities.
It implies that a temporal gap exists between the end of A and the start of B. This property is only necessary if the relevant time spans are unknown (otherwise the relationship can be calculated).
This property is the same as the "before / after" relationships of Allen’s temporal logic (Allen, 1983, pp. 832-843).
occurs before
P120
This symmetric property allows the instances of E53 Place with overlapping geometric extents to be associated with each other.
It does not specify anything about the shared area. This property is purely spatial, in contrast to Allen operators, which are purely temporal.
overlaps with
P121
This symmetric property allows the instances of E53 Place which share common borders to be related as such.
This property is purely spatial, in contrast to Allen operators, which are purely temporal.
borders with
P122
This property identifies the E77 Persistent Item or items that are the result of an E81 Transformation.
New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the link to the common Transformation.
resulted in
P123
This property identifies the E77 Persistent Item or items that cease to exist due to a E81 Transformation.
It is replaced by the result of the Transformation, which becomes a new unit of documentation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the link to the common Transformation.
transformed
P124
This property defines the kind of objects used in an E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of
interest, such as use of "a hammer".
used object of type
P125
This property identifies E57 Material employed in an E11 Modification.
The E57 Material used during the E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that forms the subject of the E11 Modification.
employed
P126
This property identifies a super-Type to which an E55 Type is related.
It allows Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of "broader term generic (BTG)" as defined in ISO 2788
has broader term
P127
This property identifies an E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
carries
P128
This property documents that an E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an E89 Propositional Object.
is about
P129
This property generalises the notions of "copy of" and "similar to" into a dynamic, asymmetric relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative, if such a direction can be established.Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. It is a short-cut of P15 was influenced by (influenced) in a creation or production, if such a reason for the similarity can be verified. Moreover it expresses similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons.
shows features of
P130
This property identifies a name used specifically to identify an E39 Actor.
This property is a specialisation of P1 is identified by (identifies) is identified by.
is identified by
P131
This symmetric property allows instances of E4 Period that overlap both temporally and spatially to be related, i,e. they share some spatio-temporal extent.
This property does not imply any ordering or sequence between the two periods, either spatial or temporal.
overlaps with
P132
This symmetric property allows instances of E4 Period that do not overlap both temporally and spatially, to be related i,e. they do not share any spatio-temporal extent.
This property does not imply any ordering or sequence between the two periods either spatial or temporal.
is separated from
P133
This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the
range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has
completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a
coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.
continued
P134
This property identifies the E55 Type, which is created in an E83Type Creation activity.
created type
P135
This property identifies one or more items that were used as evidence to declare a new E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new Type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the Type, such as "holotype" or "original element".
was based on
P136
This property allows an item to be declared as a particular example of an E55 Type or taxonThe P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the Type, such as "prototypical", "archetypical", "lectotype", etc. The taxonomic role "lectotype" is not associated with the Type Creation (E83) itself, but selected in a later phase.
exemplifies
P137
This property establishes the relationship between an E36 Visual Item and the entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.
represents
P138
This property establishes a relationship of equivalence between two instances of E41 Appellation independent from any item identified by them. It is a dynamic asymmetric relationship, where the range expresses the derivative, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. The relationship is not transitive.
The equivalence applies to all cases of use of an instance of E41 Appellation. Multiple names assigned to an object, which are not equivalent for all things identified with a specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies).
P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation, such as “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII” be refined..
has alternative form
P139
This property indicates the item to which an attribute or relation is assigned.
assigned attribute to
P140
This property indicates the attribute that was assigned or the item that was related to the item denoted by a property P140
assigned attribute to in an Attribute assignment action.
assigned
P141
This property associates the event of assigning an instance of E42 Identifier to an entity, with the instances of E41
Appellation that were used as elements of the identifier.
used constituent
P142
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of a E74 Group in an E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through P144 joined with (gained member by), E85 Joining, P143 joined (was joined by) to E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).
joined
P143
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining.
Although a Joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well.
Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through P144 joined with (gained member by), E85 Joining, P143 joined (was joined by) to E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.
joined with
P144
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86
Leaving.
separated
P145
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a Leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.
separated from
P146
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Collection that is subject of that
curation activity.
curated
P147
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of
E89 Propositional Object.
has component
P148
This property identifies an instance of E28 Conceptual Object using an instance of E75 Conceptual Object
Appellation.
is identified by
P149
The property "broaderPartitive" associates an instance of E55 Type “A” with an instance of E55 Type “B”, when items of type “A” typically form part of items of type “B”, such as “car motors” and “cars”.
It allows Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of "broader term partitive (BTP)" as defined in ISO 2788 and “broaderPartitive” in SKOS.
defines typical parts of
P150
This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed
preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition.
was formed from
P151
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act. This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from ‘E21Person’ through ‘P98i was born’, ‘E67 Birth’, ‘P96 by mother’ to ‘E21 Person’, and from ‘E21Person’ through ‘P98i was born’, ‘E67 Birth’, ‘P97 from father’ to ‘E21 Person’.
has parent
P152
This property describes the largest volume in space that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to itself. This allows you to describe the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. In the case of an E26 Physical Feature the default reference space is the one in which the object that bears the feature or at least the surrounding matter of the feature is at rest. In this case there is a 1:1 relation of E26 Feature and E53 Place. For simplicity of implementation multiple inheritance (E26 Feature IsA E53 Place) may be a practical approach.
For instances of E19 Physical Objects the default reference space is the one which is at rest to the object itself, i.e. which moves together with the object. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property is a subproperty of P161 has spatial projection because it refers to its own domain as reference space for its range, whereas P161 has spatial projection may refer to a place in terms of any reference space. For some instances of E18 Physical Object the relative stability of form may not be sufficient to define a useful local reference space, for instance for an amoeba. In such cases the fully developed path to an external reference space and using a temporal validity component may be adequate to determine the place they have occupied.
In contrast to P156 occupies, the property P53 has former or current location identifies an instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time span. Further it does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of P53 Place.
occupies
P156
This property associates an instance of P53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for
this instance of P53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an E18 Physical Thing
defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a
reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental
plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.
is at rest relative to
P157
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of an E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the
same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.
has temporal projection
P160
This property associates an instance of a E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of a E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space. In general there can be more than one useful reference space to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, such as that of a battle ship versus that of the seafloor. Therefore the projection is not unique.This is part of the fully developed path that is shortcut by P7took place at (witnessed).The more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place.
has spatial projection
P161
This property relates an E93 Presence with an arbitrary E52 Time-Span that defines the section of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to by P166 was a presence of (had presence) that is concerned by this instance of E93 Presence.
during
P164
This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it.
This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many distinct self-contained expressions, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.
It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc.
In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters.
A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of the manuscript page.
incorporates
P165
This property relates an E93 Presence with the STV it is part of…
was a presence of
P166
This property points to a wider area in which my thing /event was…
was at
P167
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that defines it. Syntactic variants or
use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of E94 Space Primitive defining exactly the same place. Transformations between
different reference systems in general result in new definitions of places approximating each other and not in alternative definitions.
Note that it is possible for a place to be defined by phenomena causal to it or other forms of identification rather than by an instance
of E94 Space Primitive. In this case, this property must not be used for approximating the respective instance of E53 Place with an
instance of E94 Space Primitive.
place is defined by
P168
This is defined as the first boundary of the property P81
end of the begin
P81a
This is defined as the first boundary of the property P82
begin of the begin
P82a
This is defined as the second boundary of the property P81
begin of the end
P81b
This is defined as the second boundary of the property P82
end of the end
P82b
This property associates an instance of F1 Work which logically continues the content of another instance of F1 Work with the latter.
is logical successor of
R1
This property associates an instance of F1 Work which modifies the content of another instance of F1 Work with the latter. The
property R2.1 has type of this property allows for specifying the kind of derivation, such as adaptation, summarisation etc.
is derivative of
R2
This property associates an instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression with an instance of F1 Work.
This property expresses the association that exists between an expression (F22) and the work that this expression conveys. The semantics of the association will be different depending on what specific subtype of F1 Work the work is an instance of. If the work is an instance of F14 Individual Work, the F22 Self-Contained Expression completely conveys the individual work. If the work is an instance of F15 Complex Work, the F22 Self-Contained Expression conveys an alternative member of the complex work.
Our factual knowledge of how a given work is realised into an expression is often limited and this property makes it possible to express the association between instances of F22 Self-Contained Expression and the work it conveys without using the more developed paths.
The property R3.1 has type: E55 Type allows for specifying the role played by the referred to expression in the overall bibliographic history of the work (e.g., ‘progenitor expression’, on which all other expressions of the same work are based; ‘reference for canonical citations’, in the sense of the HuCit ontology developed by Matteo Romanello and Michele Pasin; ‘earliest draft’, ‘intermediate draft’, ‘final clean draft’, ‘princeps edition’, etc.).
is realised in
R3
This property associates a publication, i.e. an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type, with an instance of F2 Expression, which all exemplars of that publication should carry, as long as they are recognised as complete exemplars of that publication. Typically, this property is observed on one exemplar of a publication, and extrapolated to all other exemplars of the same publication.
This property is a shortcut of: F2 Expression P165i is incorporated in F24 Publication Expression CLR6i should be carried by F3 Manifestation Product Type.
carriers provided by
R4
This property associates an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys in itself the complete concept of a work that is member of (R10) the overall work realized by X.
It does not cover the relationship that exists between pre-existing expressions that are re-used in a new, larger expression and that new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by P165 incorporates.
has component
R5
This property associates an instance of F54 Utilised Information Carrier with the unique instance of F24 Publication Expression it
carries.
carries
R6
This property associates a publication with one of its exemplars.
It is a shortcut of the more developed path: F5 Item R28i was produced by F32 Carrier Production R26 produced things of type (was produced by): F3 Manifestation Product Type.
is example of
R7
This property associates an instance of F13 Identifier with one of the non-syntactic instances of E90 Symbolic Object which form part
of it.
consists of
R8
This property associates an F14 Individual Work with the unique F22 Self-Contained Expression that completely conveys it.
It is a shortcut for the more developed path: F14 Individual Work R19i was realised through F28 Expression Creation R17 created F22 Self-Contained Expression.
is realised in
R9
This property associates an instance of F15 Complex Work with an instance of F1 Work that forms part of it.
has member
R10
This property associates an instance of F18 Serial Work with the instance of E29 Design or Procedure that specifies the issuing policy planned by this Work, such as sequencing pattern, expected frequency and expected regularity.
This property is a shortcut of the full path: F18 Serial Work R23i was realised through F30 Publication Event P16 used specific object E29 Design or Procedure.
has issuing rule
R11
This property associates an instance of F20 Performance Work with an instance of F25 Performance Plan that consists of signs (words,
figures, etc.) which express the directions the instance of F20 Performance Work consists of.
is realised in
R12
This property associates an instance of F21 Recording Work with an instance of F26 Recording realising the instance of F21 Recording Work.
This is a shortcut of the more elaborated path through R22 was realised through, F29 Recording Event and R21 created, which should be used when information about the recording event is available.
is realised in
R13
This property associates the fragment of an expression and the expression of which it is a fragment.
has fragment
R15
This property associates the first conception of a work and the work itself that ensued from a given initial idea.
It marks the origin of the causality chain that results in a work’s coming into existence.
initiated
R16
This property associates the expression that was first externalised during a particular creation event with that particular creation
event.
created
R17
This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with the first physical objects in which the resulting instance of F2
Expression was embodied.
created
R18
This property associates an instance of F28 Expression Creation with the corresponding instance of F14 Individual Work or an instance
of F15 Complex Work of which the corresponding instance of F14 Individual Work is a member.
created a realisation of
R19
This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with the instance of E2 Temporal Entity which was captured.
recorded
R20
This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with the instance of F26 Recording that was created.
created
R21
This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with the instance of F21 Recording Work it realised.
created a realisation of
R22
This property associates an instance of F30 Publication Event with the instance of F19 Publication Work it realised.
created a realisation of
R23
This property associates the instance of F24 Publication Expression that was created during a particular F30 Publication Event with
that F30 Publication Event.
created
R24
This property associates an instance of F31 Performance with the instance of F25 Performance Plan to which all those participating in
the performance were supposed to conform.
performed
R25
This property associates an instance of F32 Carrier Production Event with the instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type it produced
items of.
produced things of type
R26
This property associates an instance of F32 Carrier Production Event with the set of signs provided by the publisher to be carried by
all of the produced items.
used as source material
R27
This property associates an instance of F32 Carrier Production Event with any one of the produced items (i.e., the instances of F5
Item or F53 Material Copy).
produced
R28
This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of E84 Information Carrier it reproduces.
reproduced
R29
This property associates an instance of F33 Reproduction Event with an instance of E84 Information Carrier it produces.
produced
R30
This property associates an instance of E84 Information Carrier which is a reproduction of another instance of E84 Information
Carrier with the latter. It is considered that a reproduction of multiple originals resulting in a single product requires a merging of
those objects prior to the reproduction. Therefore an Information Carrier is regarded to be a reproduction of one and only one original.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E84 Information Carrier through R30 produced (was produced by), F33
Reproduction Event R29 reproduced (was reproduced by) to E84 Information Carrier.
is reproduction of
R31
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with an instance of F52 Name Use Activity which provides evidence for the use of the particular nomen in the stated sense. The association between this name use activity and a source for it may be described by the property P70 documents (is documented in).
is warranted by
R32
This property associates an instance of F12 Nomen with one or more equivalent serialized content models for it. In digital form the symbol arrangement constituting an instance of F12 Nomen can only be represented through a particular encoding, for example ASCII or Latin1 for the Latin script. We call such a representation a content model. The property R33.1 has encoding: E55 Type allows for specifying the encoding of a particular associated content model. Together with this specification, a content model allows for unambiguously defining a nomen independently from the encoding used for representing the content.
has content
R33
This property associates an instance of F34 KOS with the instance of E52 Time-Span describing the period for which the particular KOS
Expression was regarded as valid by its maintainers. Each change of validity status of a nomen use statement within a KOS should be
associated with a release change of the KOS. The individual time-span of a validity state of a nomen would be the union of the time-spans
of the KOS in which the Nomen was declared to have the particular validity status (provisional, accepted, obsolete etc...).
has validity period
R34
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with an instance of F34 KOS in which the Nomen Use Statement has a given status. The property R35.1 allows for specifying the particular status of the nomen use statement within the KOS. An instance of R35 is specified by should have only one status.
specified by
R35
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with the instance of F36 Script Conversion that was used to create the Nomen referred to in the Nomen Use Statement. The source of this conversion may or may not be explicitly mentioned. Is shortcut of: F35 Nomen Use Statement R17 was created by (created) F28 Expression Creation P33 used specific technique (was used by) E29 Design or Procedure.
uses script conversion
R36
NO TEXT PROPERTY FOUND
states as nomen
R37
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with the instance of E1 CRM Entity for which it declares the usage of
a nomen.
refers to thema
R38
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with an instance of E74 Group which is the target audience for which
the associated nomen use is intended. To indicate that the associated nomen is declared as preferred in all contexts, the instance of E74
Group is ‘mankind’.
is intended for
R39
This property identifies an instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression that has been chosen as the most characteristic expression of the instance of F1 Work of which it is an expression. There is no other semantic implication to this notion of being characteristic than to be an adequate candidate to uniquely identify the Work realized by it. Prototypically, this is the instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression that is deemed characteristic of an instance of F15 Complex Work.
Typically, any expression that is not regarded as “representative” for the work it expresses, would require a controlled access point, with qualifiers specifying the differences between that expression and a representative expression, although this may not always be done in practice. The title of a Work may not be one taken from a representative expression.
A given work can have more than one representative expression, provided the differences between these expressions are not deemed “substantial.” If the anticipated needs of users are not considered to call for bibliographic distinctions between variant expressions of a work, then even expressions that differ significantly from each other can be regarded as equally representative for the work. (See FRBR: Final Report, p. 19-20).
A given expression can be deemed representative for a work with regard to some of its aspects (e.g., the text contained in an edition the title proper of which reads ‘The tragicall historie of HAMLET Prince of Denmarke’, and the language of that text), and not representative for it with regard to some other aspects (e.g., the title proper ‘The tragicall historie of HAMLET Prince of Denmarke’ itself, which, being different from the title that is regarded as “representative” for Shakespeare’s work, will require the use of a controlled access point).
R40 has representative expression is a shortcut of the more developed path F1 Work R50i was assigned by F42 Representative Expression Assignment R51 assigned F2 Expression.
has representative expression
R40
This property identifies an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that has been chosen as the most characteristic Manifestation Product Type of the instance of F2 Expression of which it is a manifestation.
Identifying an instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type that is representative for an instance of F2 Expression makes it possible in turn to identify an instance of F2 Expression that is representative for an instance of F1 Work, and to decide what should be regarded as the title of the work.
The title of an Expression may not be one taken from a representative Manifestation Product Type or Manifestation Singleton.
A given expression can have more than one Representative Manifestation Product Type.
R41 has representative manifestation product type is a shortcut of the more developed path F2 Expression R48i was assigned by F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment R49 assigned F3 Manifestation Product Type.
has representative manifestation product type
R41
This property identifies an instance of Manifestation Singleton that has been declared as the unique representative for an instance of F2 Expression by some bibliographic agency.
This property identifies an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton that has been chosen as the most characteristic Manifestation Singleton of the instance of F2 Expression of which it is a manifestation.
Identifying an instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton that is representative for an instance of F2 Expression makes it possible in turn to identify an instance of F2 Expression that is representative for an instance of F1 Work, and to decide what should be regarded as the title of the work.
The title of an Expression may not be one taken from a representative Manifestation Product Type or Manifestation Singleton.
A given expression can have more than one representative Manifestation Singleton.
It is a shortcut for the more developed path: F2 Expression R48i was assigned by F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment R53 assigned F4 Manifestation Singleton.
is representative manifestation singleton for
R42
This property associates a bibliographic agency (represented by one or more of its cataloguers) and the assigning of which Manifestation (i.e., which instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type or F4 Manifestation Singleton) is representative for a given expression.
In cataloguing practice, such a relationship is usually just implicit. However, it can become explicit, for example when a bibliographic agency creates an authority record for a given work and fills the “Source” field with information about the publication that contains the expression that was used by the bibliographic agency to establish the controlled access point for the work realised in that expression.
carried out by
R43
This property associates a bibliographic agency (represented by one or more of its cataloguers) and the assigning of which expression is representative for a given Work.
In cataloguing practice, such a relationship is usually just implicit. However, it can become explicit, for example when a bibliographic agency creates an authority record for a given work and fills the “Source” field with information about the publication that contains the expression that was used by the bibliographic agency to establish the controlled access point for the work realised in that expression.
carried out by
R44
This property identifies the entity to which an actor, such as a bibliographic agency, assigned an instance of F13 Identifier.
assigned to
R45
This property associates the instance of F13 Identifier assigned to an instance of E1 CRM Entity and the event of assigning it.
assigned to
R46
This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type or F4 Manifestation
Singleton with the expression to which it was assigned.
assigned to
R48
This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F3 Manifestation Product Type with the F3 Manifestation
Product Type which has been assigned.
assigned
R49
This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F2 Expression with the instance of F15 Complex Work to
which it was assigned.
assigned to
R50
This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F2 Expression with the F2 Expression which has been
assigned.
assigned
R51
This property associates the event of assigning an instance of F13 Identifier with the instructions followed by an actor, such as a
Bibliographic Agency, in creating that identifier.
used rule
R52
This property associates the event of assigning a representative instance of F4 Manifestation Singleton with the F4 Manifestation
Singleton which has been assigned.
assigned
R53
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with an instance of E56 Language which is a target language for the
associated nomen use.
has nomen language
R54
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with the instance of E55 Type that characterizes the Nomen referred
to in the Nomen Use Statement, such as abbreviation, full name etc. In the case of abbreviations, the source of this form may or may not
be explicitly mentioned.
has nomen form
R55
This property associates an instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement with another instance of F35 Nomen Use Statement which has a related
use in some context, such as alternative, lexical variant, replacing former use etc. The property R56.1 allows for specifying the
particular kind of the nomen use statement relationship.
has related use
R56
This property associates an instance of F38 Character with an instance of E39 Actor that the character is motivated by or is intended
to represent. An instance of F38 Character may be based on a combination of features taken from several actors. This property is a
shortcut of the more fully developed path from E28 Conceptual Object, restricted to F38 Character, through the inverse of P94 has created
(was created by), E65 Creation P17 was motivated by (motivated) to E1 CRM Entity restricted to E39 Actor.
is based on
R57
This property associates an instance of F38 Character representing a group with another instance of F38 Character that is presented
in relevant fiction as a member of the fictional group.
has fictional member
R58
This property associates an instance of F51 Pursuit with the instance of E1 CRM Entity that is the typical subject of the associated
activity, such as an area of expertise in which the actor is engaged or was engaged.
had typical subject
R59
This property associates an instance of F51 Pursuit with the instance of E56 Language that was characteristically used for the products of the associated activity.
The property R60.1 has type of use allows for specifying a particular form of use.
used to use language
R60
This property associates an instance of F52 Name Use Activity with the instance of E55 Type that characterises the kind of role or
context within which the associated name was used.
occured in kind of context
R61
This property associates an instance of F52 Name Use Activity with the instance of E74 Group that characterises the context within
which the associated name was used for membership in that group.
was used for membership in
R62
This property associates an instance of F52 Name Use Activity with the instance of E1 CRM Entity that the associated name was used
for.
named
R63
This property associates an instance of F52 Name Use Activity with the instance of E41 Appellation that was used for the associated
entity.
used name
R64
This property associates an instance of F29 Recording Event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing some of whose features, at the
time of recording, were recorded in that process.
recorded aspects of
R65
This property associates an instance of F31 Performance with a product of the mind that was performed in the course of that instance of F31 Performance.
According to the level of knowledge available about the performance, the range of this property can actually be specialised as either an instance of F1 Work (if nothing is known as to which specific expression of the work was performed), or of F2 Expression (if there is a reasonable amount of certainty as to which specific expression—e.g., a well identified translation of a play—of the work was performed).
In addition to being a subproperty of P16 used specific object (was used for), this property also is a shortcut of the fully developed path that goes from F31 Performance to F1 Work through: R25 performed F25 Performance Plan P165 incorporates F22 Self-Contained Expression R3i realises. In this fully developed path, the specific instance of F22 Self-Contained Expression can be precisely identified and described for its own sake, or it can just be known to have necessarily existed.
included performed version of
R66